Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article summarizes the main results of fundamental research by scientists of the FSBI �VNNIIViV �Magarach� RAS� in the field of viticulture in 2021, conducted in accordance with the Re-search Plan for 2021-2023, which forms the basis of the State task, and the Pro-gram of fundamental scientific research in the Russian Federation for the long term (2021-2030). The results are the stage of development of scientific, methodological and methodic foundations for ensuring the innovative development of authentic viticulture, improving the quality and competitiveness of domestic products. A trend has been established for a constant, progressive de-crease in the viability of grape plants, a decrease in the productivity of the vine, an increase in the intensity of its damage by various diseases, premature or sudden death under the influence of stressors of various nature. To increase the stress resistance of grape plants, the priorities are: selection and creation of resistant varieties and rootstocks by classical breeding methods; regulation of physiological and biochemical mechanisms of stress resistance; development of elements of technology for growing grapes, reducing the negative impact of stressors; formation of adaptive pest control systems. The stud-ies were carried out on the basis of the cen-ter for collective use Ampelographic collection �Magarach�, as well as in the production plantations of the leading wine-growing enterprises of the Crimea using generally accepted and original methods for studying the gene pool of grapes. As a result, digital information databases of the complex of morphobiological characteristics of local grape varieties of the Crimea of the Ampelographic collection �Magarach�, a complex of economic characteristics of local grape varieties of Crimea, sources of valuable biological and economic characteristics, genetic resources of institute �Magarach� grapes and molecular genetic passports of indigenous grape varieties of Crimea were created; the standard of the organiza-tion was prepared � Grapes, fruit, nut-bearing, berry, ornamental crops, water and soil. Determination of bacterial phytopathogens based on polymerase chain reaction; methodology for the development of globular, heart-shaped and torpedo-shaped embryoids for the induction of pol-yploidy and somatic embryogenesis in grapes; digital cartographic model of agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticulture and wine industry of the Republic of Cri-mea; methodological recommendations on agricultural technology for growing new clones of technical and table grape varieties in the Crimea; a list of economically justified agrotechnical measures for updating standard technological maps for the cultivation of vine plantations; initial requirements for a machine for cutting (chasing) grape shoots, loosening (cultivating) the soil; on a tunnel-type sprayer; methodological recommendations on phytosanitary monitoring and control of development of new pests in ampelocenoses of the Crimea.

Annotation

Research is presented that contributes to an increase in the production of domestic grape and wine products, including in the system of organic farming. The object of research is grapes of native, classical and breeding varieties. The research was carried out on the basis of the Center for collective use of the Ampelographic collection �Magarach�, as well as in industrial plantations of the Crimea according to generally accepted and original methods. Characteristics of 50 varieties for the database, 4 sources of valuable traits were obtained, genotyping of wild grapes was performed, 99 allele variants were identified. Optimal concentrations of substances for the development of proembryogenic calluses and cells in suspension cultures were selected. The influence of biologically active substances on the development of heart shaped and torpedo shaped embryos has been established. The obtained 6 transgenic lines of the Podarok Magaracha variety were adapted to in vivo conditions to assess their cold resistance and frost resistance. In the vegetative collection of plants in vitro, samples are maintained under conditions of active and slow growth. An aseptic culture of 14 grape varieties was obtained. The molecular diagnosis of the latent form of phytopathogens of plant material after the recovery procedures was carried out. The biovar Agrobacterium tumefaciens was identified by the method of molecular diagnostics. During molecular diagnostics, the Rupestris stem pitting virus was detected in the samples. New knowledge has been gained about the dynamics of changes in the quality indicators of grapes depending on the variety and region of cultivation against the background of a complex of agro-climatic parameters and indices used to isolate terroirs. Varietal-rootstock combinations have been identified. The formation of datasets has continued in order to train neural networks for the detection of harmful organisms and pathologies of the development of grape plants. The technology of organic viticulture production for autochthonous varieties and varieties of the Magarach Institute breeding has been tested. The technology of storing table grapes based on the use of calcium-containing preparations has been optimized. For the first time, an information technology of cross-platform integration has been developed for the implemented hardware and software complex for photo-fixation and neural network detection of the number of pests in specialized �traps�.

Annotation

In the 2016-2017 the etiology of �summer� grape rots affecting Muscat Blanc grapes in conditions of the Southern coast of Crimea studied. These rots are becoming more and more important economically and can lead to the loss of up to 80% of the ripening harvest. It has been demonstrated that this phenomenon is a complex one and is caused by the development of such species as Botrytis cinerea Pers., Guignardia baccae (Cav.) Jasz., Aspergillus niger Tiegh., Rizopus nigricans Ehr., Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link, Penicillium sp. It was established that sour rot prevails in the structure of berry rots affecting grapes by the harvest time (the third decade of August and the first and second decades of September). We studied how various affecting Muscat Blanc grapes berry rot pathogens depend on the temperature regime and berry juice sugar content. A strong correlation was established between the intensity of oidium development and damage to the grapes caused by thrips and the level of sour rot development. Laboratory and field experiments provided data on the biological effectiveness of modern specialized fungicides in controlling the development of grape rot pathogens. Fungicides application proved insufficient in preventing harvest loss of Muscat Blanc grapes from sour rot. To effectively control this disease, it is necessary to develop a separate set of measures, including those aimed at improving the mechanical strength of the grape berry skin, prevent oidium and herbivore thrips damage to the epidermis during berry growth, limit the development of fruit flies during the ripening of grapes.