Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Fundamental scientific research of the FSBSI �ARNRIVW �Magarach� RAS� is focused on the conservation and mobilization, the study of the gene pool of grapes, the identification of gene sources for marker-associated breeding. Comparative characteristics of 50 varieties were obtained for the formation of a database; 4 potential sources of valuable traits. Microsatellite profiles of 50 unknown grape samples and 66 hybrids were obtained for the certification of genetic resources. Identification of 23 grape samples was performed; the genotypes of 50 wild grape samples of Crimea were evaluated by 3 SSR loci VC8g9, VMC1g3.2, VMC4f3.1 associated with the genes Rpv6, Rpv13, Run1. A system of induction of the development of various stages of somatic embryoids of grapes has been developed. Cytogenetic study of plants in vitro was carried out. A new gene pool was obtained in the amount of 6199 hybrid seeds and 733 hybrid seedlings. To determine the physiological and morphological criteria of heat resistance and to identify the varietal specificity of autochthonous grape varieties, the possibility of testing them for resistance to high temperatures in the leaf area in vitro was established; varieties that adapt better to heat conditions were identified: Alburla, Tanagoz and Tergulnek. The emphasis is on the creation of technology of clonal micro-propagation, the use in the production of a vegetative collection of grape varieties and clones in vitro, the development of biotechnologies for improving plants from phytopathogens, the development of technologies for testing planting material for latent infections of viruses, phytoplasmas and bacterial cancer. Recommendations on agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of viticulture and winemaking based on agroecological zoning of the territory have been developed. The best varietal-rootstock combinations were highlighted. A structured data set (photosets) has been formed, containing about 102 thousand photographs of parts of grape plants, including those with symptoms of lesion, damage by 11 infectious diseases, 12 phytophages and 8 non-infectious developmental pathologies. For organic viticulture, the effectiveness of 6 technological protection schemes and 6 microbiological preparations and biologically active substances was evaluated. Data on reducing losses and maintaining the marketable quality of table grapes during long-term storage were obtained. The obtained results are the basis for ensuring the innovative development of authentic viticulture, improving the quality and competitiveness of domestic products.

Annotation

The article presents the results of research activities for 2022 of the FSBSI �ARNRIV&W� Magarach� RAS� on wine-making, carried out in accordance with the Program of Fundamental Scientific Research in the Russian Federation for the long-term period (2021-2030). The system of control over the production of wines with zero and reduced SO2-load is justified: selection of varieties and quality control of grapes by pH value, sugar content, titrated acids, aldehydes, ketoacids, sulfurous acid, oxidase activity; screening of Sacch. cerevisiae cultures, which provides an assessment of the duration of adaptation to sulfur dioxide, determination of growth parameters and the ability to synthesize acetaldehyde and SO2, selection of cultures for the grape variety; postoperative control of the production and processing of wine materials by pH. Significant indicators have been established that take into account the origin of grapes and characterize its technological potential. The dynamics of the components of the physico-chemical composition (volatile substances, aromatic aldehydes and acids, substances of phenolic nature and the degree of tannin oxidation), optical and organoleptic characteristics of cognac distillates in contact with oak wood for 3 years of aging, taking into account the grape variety, were established. The stability of natural strains of lactic acid bacteria to sulfur dioxide and phenolic substances was assessed, information was obtained on the ability of strains of lactic acid bacteria to synthesize biogenic amines. A collection of strains of lactic acid bacteria, promising and safe for wine-making, has been formed. The main approaches to solving the problem of confirming the geographical origin of wine products were highlighted. In the stems and leaves of shoots of grape plants were identified representatives of biologically active compounds: oxybenzoic acids, oxycoric acids, flavones, stilbene substances; oligomeric procyanidins, polymer proanthocyanidins. The obtained results contribute to improving the quality of domestic wine products, expanding its production, including wine-making with ecological and geographical statuses, the production of cognac and grape processing products of a functional orientation, which contributes to increasing the competitiveness of domestic wine products, import substitution and ensuring the country's food independence.

Annotation

For import substitution of table grapes in our country, it is especially important to introduce the new large-berry varieties from early to late ripening, providing a continuous grapes conveyor for harvesting. The search for new donors, the selection of effective combinations of crossing, ensuring the receiving of elegant table varieties is an urgent task in the breeding of grapes. In this study, there were 14 initial forms of grapes and a hybrid fund of 3704 seedlings of 40 combinations of crosses. It has been shown that Flora x Nakhodka Mariuopolya (28.4 %), Flora x Richelieu (43.9 %), Podarok Zaporozhye [Talisman x (V-70-90 + R-65)] x Richelieu (63.9 %) have the highest breeding value by maturity date. The use of the genetic conformity of dark color dominance over the lighter color led to the creation of populations with a sufficiently high breeding value � from 23 to 100 %. The highest breeding value on the sum of signs is noted for the combination of Podarok Zaporozhye x Richelieu (252.9). Highly valuable crosses are selected, which allow to select the most promising parent pairs. There are the Flamingo x Arcadia, the Podarok Zaporozhye x Richelieu, Flora x Nakhodka Mariupolya. A model of the table grape variety is developed according to the maturation period, which includes the main features that determine the phenotypic elegance of table grape genotypes: the mass of berries; mass of bunches; form of berries; coloring of berries. The creation of domestic grape varieties that are competitive on the world market was the result of scientific cooperation. These varieties have gained a high reputation among the vine growers and they are widely spread in Russia and Ukraine.

Annotation

The effect of biologically active substances � gibberellin (GA3), forchlorfenuron (CPPU) and streptomycin (Str) on mechanical composition, transportability and organoleptic characteristics of seedless grapes Yuzhnoberezhnyi, Venera, Kishmish �-311 and Kishmish �-342 was studied at the conditions of the South Coast of the Crimea. The Yuzhnoberezhnyi cultivar of the Institute for Vine and Wine "Magarach" breeding was used as a model. It is established in the research process, that the GA3 increased in stem weight when it applied alone, the effect was reduced in combination with Str. It is demonstrated a considerable increase in bunch structure index and a decreased in berry index resulted from one treatment with CPPU alone. The highest tasting scores (8.0 and 8.1 points) were from experiments consisting of one and two treatments with GA3 alone. From the data obtained, it follows that the best treatment option for three introduced seedless grape varieties Ven�ra, Kishmish E-311 and Kishmish E-342 is a combination of preparations. This complex application of biologicaly activy substances led to the formation of larger berries in all studied varieties. According to the combination of positive signs of variability in the mechanical composition, transportability and organoleptic characteristics, two variants of the experiment are distinguished: the treatment of grape plants with a solution of CPPU at a concentration of 20 mg / l after flowering, and also two-fold treatment of GA3 with 50 mg / l during mass flowering and after flowering, combined with a single treatment during a mass flowering CPPU 20 mg / l + Str 200 mg / l.

Annotation

The creating of new grape table varieties of early ripening with a smart bunch and large berries will solve the problem of increased demand for products of biological value and will accelerate the process of import substitution. This is especially important since it will allow to ensure by fresh grapes of domestic production the market with a deficit of fruits and berries in the early summer period and in the holiday season of residents and guests of the Crimea and other regions of the Russian Federation. The study of promising grape types conducted during the years 2012-2015 allowed us to single out as elite a hybrid form from the seedlings population of Podarok Zaporojya x Livia � Magarach � PZL-1 with the working title Muskat of Cramea. The article outlines the main ampelographic and bio-economic parameters characterizing this promising new variety.Very early maturity (August 5), production period � 110 days. Resistance to frost up to minus 24º�. The recommended bush training is a double-arm cordon with trunk height of 80-100 cm. The recommended load on the bush is 24 eyes; load per fruit shoot is 8 eyes. The planting scheme is 3 x 1.5 m. Prophylactic treatment against fungal diseases is required 3-4 times per season. The high frost resistance (up to minus 24ºC) of the elite form of Muscat of Crimea is established in comparison with the control Cardinal grapes. The new variety is characterized by high quality of the crop when it planted on well-lit warm slopes. Cultivation of grapevine cv Muskat of Cramea in the conditions of the Southern coast of the Crimea will allow obtaining 1971.8 thousand rubles net income from a hectare of plantation annually.