Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Phenological observations of plants varieties development in the various zones of cultivation have a great scientific and practical significance and are an indispensable element of industrial and biological study of grapes varieties. The purpose of this work is to reveal the peculiarities of the passage of phenophases by Crimean autochthonous grapes varieties in the conditions of the mountain-valley Crimea. The article presents the results of observations and study of the main phe-nological phases of 11 varieties of Crimean grapes with black berries and white berries under the soil and climatic conditions of LLC "Solnechnaya Dolina". As a control, Rkatsiteli and Cabernet Sauvignon are taken. The earliest blossoming of buds among black grapes varieties was noted for Crohna variety � 23.04. Among varieties with white berries, the early date of budding is established for the Sary Pandas variety � 22.04. Among the varieties with black berries t he Crohna blossomed early of all (03.06), among the white-flowered varieties the earliest bloom was found for the varieties of Sary Pandas and Kok Pandas (04.06). The results of three-year studying show that, with an average spread of 5 to 8 days, the average flowering of the grapes plants is within seven days. There is an equal period from the beginning of bud blossoming to the beginning of flowering (43-45 days), and only for the control variety of Cabernet Sauvignon it reaches 46 days. It has been established that the grapes varieties studied for the duration of the growing season (from the beginning of bud budding to industrial fruit fullness) are medium-late (147-155 days). The sum of the active tem-peratures at this stage of plant development is 578-638 �C.

Annotation

The Crimea is known as a recreational zone where a question of early receipt of fresh grapes during a resort season, and also the extension of the period of its consumption is very urgent. For the solution of this task the cultivation of grapes of early table varieties under the conditions of the covered soil is offered, that will provide the super early harvests. The agric and biological characteristics of table varieties of very early maturing are studied. The variability of beginning and passings of phenological phases is established, the potential efficiency and productivity is defined. The economic effect of cultivation of grapes varieties under the conditions of the uncovered and covered soil is estimated. Four table grapes varieties of very early maturing - Arkadia (control), Vostorg, Kodryanka, Livya are researched. It is shown that Arkadia and Kodryanka varieties have the rather late blooming of buds in the covered soil, and in the open soil. It is established that under the conditions of the covered soil the technological maturity of the studied grapes varieties in average comes in the second decade of July, at the same time a difference in terms of approach of technological maturity is in average 25 days. The smallest harvest from a bush is received for Vostorg grapes in covered soil (7,5 kg), and in the open ground (6,9 kg). The top yield is received at Livya variety in the covered soil - 11,2 kg. Indicators of net profit of Vostorg grapes have not insignificant distinctions when use the various technologies of cultivation. The Arkadia grapes (847,5 thousand rub/hectare), the Kodryanka (956,9 thousand rub/hectare) and the Livya (1291,4 thousand rub/hectare) allow you to gain the high economic effect of grapes cultivation in the covered soil.

Annotation

The article summarizes the main results of fundamental research by scientists of the FSBI �VNNIIViV �Magarach� RAS� in the field of viticulture in 2021, conducted in accordance with the Re-search Plan for 2021-2023, which forms the basis of the State task, and the Pro-gram of fundamental scientific research in the Russian Federation for the long term (2021-2030). The results are the stage of development of scientific, methodological and methodic foundations for ensuring the innovative development of authentic viticulture, improving the quality and competitiveness of domestic products. A trend has been established for a constant, progressive de-crease in the viability of grape plants, a decrease in the productivity of the vine, an increase in the intensity of its damage by various diseases, premature or sudden death under the influence of stressors of various nature. To increase the stress resistance of grape plants, the priorities are: selection and creation of resistant varieties and rootstocks by classical breeding methods; regulation of physiological and biochemical mechanisms of stress resistance; development of elements of technology for growing grapes, reducing the negative impact of stressors; formation of adaptive pest control systems. The stud-ies were carried out on the basis of the cen-ter for collective use Ampelographic collection �Magarach�, as well as in the production plantations of the leading wine-growing enterprises of the Crimea using generally accepted and original methods for studying the gene pool of grapes. As a result, digital information databases of the complex of morphobiological characteristics of local grape varieties of the Crimea of the Ampelographic collection �Magarach�, a complex of economic characteristics of local grape varieties of Crimea, sources of valuable biological and economic characteristics, genetic resources of institute �Magarach� grapes and molecular genetic passports of indigenous grape varieties of Crimea were created; the standard of the organiza-tion was prepared � Grapes, fruit, nut-bearing, berry, ornamental crops, water and soil. Determination of bacterial phytopathogens based on polymerase chain reaction; methodology for the development of globular, heart-shaped and torpedo-shaped embryoids for the induction of pol-yploidy and somatic embryogenesis in grapes; digital cartographic model of agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticulture and wine industry of the Republic of Cri-mea; methodological recommendations on agricultural technology for growing new clones of technical and table grape varieties in the Crimea; a list of economically justified agrotechnical measures for updating standard technological maps for the cultivation of vine plantations; initial requirements for a machine for cutting (chasing) grape shoots, loosening (cultivating) the soil; on a tunnel-type sprayer; methodological recommendations on phytosanitary monitoring and control of development of new pests in ampelocenoses of the Crimea.

Annotation

The results of research activities for 2021 of the FSBI �VNNIIViV �Magarach� RAS� on winemaking, implemented in ac-cordance with the Program of Fundamental Scientific research in the Russian Federa-tion for the long-term period (2021-2030), are presented. A modification of the meth-od for determining the SO2-binding capaci-ty of dry white wines is proposed. The cultures of S. cerevisiae and the Pied de cuve technique were determined, which contribute to the formation of the lowest SO2-binding potential of wine materials. Promising red grape varieties for the production of red sparkling wines have been identified: Ai-Petri, Antey Magarachsky, Ruby Magarachsky, Holiday Magarachsky, Bastardo Magarachsky, Syrah, Morastel, Kefesia, Malbec and others. Natural strains of lactic acid bacteria (ICD) were screened for resistance to technologically significant stress factors: pH, temperature, alcohol and their impact on the quality of wine products. A positive effect on the matura-tion processes and quality of cognac distil-lates has been established by a decrease in the volume fraction of ethyl alcohol and the content of higher alcohols. 13 LAB strains were selected according to their ability to actively ferment malic acid at pH 3.2, and their resistance to pH, temperature and alcohol was assessed. The possibility of production in the Crimea of extracts and concentrates from grape pomace and vines, saturated with polyphenols, including stilbenes, is shown. The elements of the system for diagnosing the crystal stability of wines are substantiated. Groups of promising native varieties for the production of wines, sparkling wines, cognacs and grape polyphenol extracts have been identified. The conducted scientific and research developments will contribute to the development of the production of high-quality domestic wine products, including winemaking with ecological and geographical status, the production of functional grape processing products, which entails an increase in the quality and competitiveness of domestic wine products, import substitution and ensuring food independence of the country.