Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

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Abiotic environmental elements such as climate and weather conditions are the dominant factor, depending on which annually varied the evolution of living organisms. The variability of weather conditions determines the diversity of the environmental conditions in which live and develop living organisms, including pathogens. Viability phytopathogen, as well as the grapes plants, is heavily depend on how the environmental conditions comply with the requirements of the organism and what is the deviation from the optimum of these conditions ensuring its normal development. The article contains the information about changing weather conditions over the past five years in the Rostov Region and their impact on the development and dissemination of plant pathogens. Results of fitomonitoring study indicate that the major change in severity of plant pathogens, depending on weather conditions. Over the last 5 years of observation (2010-2014) showed a trend to some change in meteorological conditions in the Lower Pridonye. Moderate negative temperatures in a winter contribute to the good plants overwintering while maintaining the infective forms of wintering fungal pathogens. However, the weather conditions of the growing season (less than normal rainfall and high air temperature) caused the depressive development of plant pathogens in most phases of vegetation. It has contributed to an increase in yield, improvement of its quality due to better ripening of berries, as well as reduce the number of treatments in the vineyards, which can reduce the pesticide load and improve the environment of ampelocenosis.

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Condition of grape plantations after reducing fungicidal load decrease through the use of biologically active substances is shown.

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Grapes berry moth is the dangerous grapes vermin feeding on the buds, flowers, young ovaries, green and ripe berries that leads to essential losses of a harvest of grapes orchards. In the article it is noted that last years in the conditions of Low Pre Don the injuriousness of a grapes berry moth has grown significantly � to economically significant threshold that it is possibly o explain with increase in average annual air temperature in the region up to +11 �C (usual annual temperature of +9,4 �C). This problem demands of the search of effective fight measures against a vermin. The objects of our research are the perennial grapes plants of different varieties. For the control of number of grapes berry moth population in the grapes orchards we used the alarm pheromone traps in the experiments and we also carried out the accounting and the subsequent protective measures in compliance with the methodical recommendations. According to the date of carried out research it is established that the increase in average annual air temperature in the region to +11 �C promoted the increase in injuriousness of a grapes berry moth in the grapes orchards of the studied varieties. The spreading of a grapes berry moth during the plants vegetation period was uneven. It is shown that the second vermin's generation was the most harmful taking into consideration the quantity of the caught butterflies (20 individuals in a trap per day) and the number of damaged grapes bunches. In 2015 in the grapes orchards of the studied varieties the insecticide Insegar has been twice applied; in 2016 we consistently alternated a biological preparation of Lepidotsid and an insecticide of Pirineks Super. It is established that effective protective actions with use of these preparations, and also the elimination of the spreading center of a grapes berry moth promoted in 2016 to essential decrease in its number.

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The results of study on the harmfulness and spreaning of bacterial diseases of grapes in the agrocenosis of the Rostov Region are presented. The main harm to vineyards in Russia is caused by bacteriosis of berries and bacterial cancer. The manifestation of bacteriosis on grape berries in the Rostov Region was previously observed only in some years, the development of the disease was weak and had a focal character. In recent years, we have noted the expansion of its range and increasing of harmfulness. The disease manifests itself annually, but the degree of susceptibility varies by years and grape variety. Intensive development of the disease was observed in 2018. Plants of the Lakhedi Mezesh and Baklanovsky variety were most affected. No disease was noted in the varieties of Magia, Talisman. Tumor growths caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium Vitis and formed on the lignified parts of the bush, interfere with sap flow and nutrition of plants, reduce their productivity, durability and resistance to adverse conditions. The lifespan of vineyards directly correlates with their sparseness and the intensity of bacterial cancer (r = 0.79). The bushes with bacterial cancer, compared with healthy ones, have significant differences in the number of fruiting shoots (by 20-40 %), in yield (by 20-32 %), and in ripening of the vine (by 8-20 %). The deterioration of agrobiological and economic indicators in the infected plants can be explained by a significant deterioration in plant nutrition, not only due to a decrease in the volume of the conducting system due to vascular necrosis, but also due to the consumption of plastic substances on the growth of the cancerous tumor itself, which leads to the gradual depletion of the plant and its death. The main factor in the spread of bacterial diseases is human economic activity related to the reproduction of grapes, the production of grafted planting material, therefore, the most effective way to combat bacterial diseases is the procurement and propagation of healthy planting material.

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The results of research of influence of oxidative ferments activity in the shoots of grapes on stability to low negative temperatures of genetically diverse varieties are presented. In the phase of hardening adaptation of plants to low temperatures as higher as larger the ratio of activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase.