Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article presents the results of scientific research of the candidate of the Department of Commodity Science, Food Technology and Public Catering of the Dagestan State Agrarian University and her mentors on the commercial quality and structural and mechanical properties of fig fruits grown on the territory of the Republic of Dagestan. The article provides a description of 3 varieties of figs grown in the Magaramkent region of the Republic of Dagestan. Data on the mechanical properties of fig fruits in the conditions of Southern Dagestan are presented for the first time. The studies were carried out according to standard generally accepted methods in accordance with the research requirements of GOST 34322-2017. �Green figs. Specifications�. The result is the determination of commercial quality: organoleptic indicators � appearance, shape, condition of the fruit, taste, aroma, the presence of rotten, wilted, moldy, rumpled with excessive moisture berries; physical and chemical indicators � size and weight, cross diameter of the fruits of three studied varieties of figs (Urozhayny, Brunsvik, Cherny Pozdny). Based on the results, it can be concluded that all the studied varieties belong to the first commercial variety, and the Brunsvik variety is a large-fruited berry. The average weight for all varieties is 68.13 g. The study of the chemical composition of fig fruits suggests that along with fresh consumption, all the studied fig fruits are valuable raw materials for canned products. Fig fruits can be used to prepare various food products � preserve, compotes, jam, pastille, fruit pita bread, dried fruits, etc.

Annotation

The article presents the results of scientific research by postgraduate students of the Department of Commodity Science, Food Technology and Public Catering of the Dagestan State Agrarian University and their mentors on the nutritional value of fig fruits grown on the territory of the Republic of Dagestan. The authors studied the chemical composition of 3 varieties of fig fruits (Urozhaynyi, Brunsvik, Chernyi Pozdniy), grown in the Magaramkent region of the Republic of Dagestan. Data on the content of vitamins, micro-, macroelements and flavonoids of fig fruits in the conditions of Southern Dagestan are presented for the first time. The studies were carried out according to standard generally accepted methods in accordance with the research requirements of GOST 34322-2017. �The fresh figs. Technic specifications�. According to the results of studies, a sufficiently high content of flavonoids (from 251.62 to 310.01 mg%) and anthocyanins (from 227,24 and 285,12 mg%) was determined in fig fruits. Studies of the vitamin composition indicate that the Chernyi Pozdniy variety is rich in ascorbic acid, vitamin A, pantatenic and folic acids, choline, phylloquinone; the Brunsvik variety � β-carotene, niacin, folic acid; the Urozhaynyi variety � niacin and choline. According to the mineral composition: the Urozhaynyi variety contains a greater amount of phosphorus, iron, selenium, nickel, lead, iodine; the Brunsvik variety is distinguished by a high content of sodium, calcium, potassium, silicon, iron, zinc; the Chernyi Pozdniy variety has a high content of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, silicon, copper, zinc, chromium, aluminum, manganese. It is proved that fig fruits contain functional food ingredients and can be used for the production of functional products � pastilles, chips, preserves, compotes, jam, fruit pita bread, dried fruits, etc.

Annotation

The data on the mechanical properties of feijoa fruits under conditions of Southern Daghestan are presented for the first time. The studies, the data of which are given in this work, were carried out according to standard generally accepted methods in accordance with the requirements of GOST 342172017 �Fresh feijoa. Technical conditions�. The result of the study is the determination of the size and weight of the fruits of the four studied varieties of feijoa (Coolidge, Superba, Choiseana (Republic of Azerbaijan) and Choiseana (Republic of Daghestan)), obtained from different areas of growing. It has been shown that the Superba variety has the largest fruits, the average mass of which is 39.7 %, and they be attributed to large fruits. The size of transverse diameter of this fruit is 54.0 mm, the length is 61.1 mm, the ratio H: D = 1.13 conventional units. Varieties of Kulidzh and Choiseana from the Leninokan Region can be classified as medium-weight ones by average mass and H: D ratio (average mass is 28.8 and 23.5 g, respectively). As for the Choisean variety introduced in the village of Tagirkent (Republic of Dagestan), the size of its fruits is much lower � 12.8 g, which is almost 2 times less than the fruits of the same variety grown n the Republic of Azerbaijan. Accordingly, the size of the transverse diameter of this variety is smaller � 23.5 mm, the length of the fruit is 35.7 mm. However, preliminary testing assessment has showed that the small feijoa fruits from Tagirkent are much sweeter than the fruits of other testing objects.

Annotation

The grapes belong to the order Rhamnales, the family of Vitaceae or Ampelidaceae, which is divided into two subfamilies: Lecoidaceae and Ampelideae. The latter subfamily includes the genus Vitis. where there are about 40 Asian species, plus another 30 American species belonging to two subgenera: Muscadinia and Vitis. It is believed that the center of diversity of wild grapes is located in the Middle East, from the Anatolian Peninsula to Transcaucasia and Hyrcanus. Nowadays, wild grapes are widely spreaded throughout Eurasia, covering the territory from Portugal to Turkmenistan, and from the banks of the Rhine to the Northern forests of Tunisia. In Azerbaijan, wild grapes are found in the Samur-Divichin and Lankaran lowlands, Western and Eastern parts of the Greater Caucasus, northern, central and southern parts of the Lesser Caucasus. Phylogenetic patterns suggest the emergence of the genus Vitis L. in the North America, the fragmentation of the ancestral area in the Miocene, the formation of modern species in the Late Miocene-Pleistocene and the differentiation of species as a result of Pliocene-Quaternary tectonic and climatic changes. The emergence and development of wild grapes in Azerbaijan is evidenced by the prints of a leaf of wild grape Vitis sylvestris Gmel., discovered by archaeologists in the Upper Pliocene on a stone near the Araks River of the Zangelan Region, near the village of Mindzhivan on the border with Iran. The purpose of this work is to analyze data on the origin, current distribution and taxonomy of wild grapes obtained by various taxonomists and to contribute to a number of discussion issues in this area.