Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Lugovskoi Alexei
Articles in journal: (total 7)
Summing up the results of years of research, a technology of walnut cultivation in the Northern Caucasus is presented. The main elements of the system are: optimization of plants espacement depending on gones of cultivation, proper varieties selection, krone formation, phytosanitary measures and other technological elements.
Persian walnut is the widespread crop, covering the territories with a temperate climate around the world. The reasons for the economic importance of the walnut production are the oil-rich with high nutritional val-ue and taste, as well as valuable wood. The zone of the North Caucasus is suit-able for the industrial production of Per-sian walnut, but to increase in economic efficiency and reduce the risks of losses from adverse climatic factors, it should be planted the varieties with high adaptability, having an optimal set of agronomic valuable signs. The article presents the results of a four-years study of 14 selected forms of walnut under the Sub Kuban area condition of the Krasnodar Territory. One of the most important traits for walnut varieties in the condition of Krasnodar Territory is the ability to control the recurrent frosts increasing in recent years. Late flowering walnut forms are able to avoid the frosts and suffer from them is much less. In this aspect, the phenological observations forms are carried out. The trade and consumer qualities of fruits are studied, as the market prices of the products vary significantly depending on these indicators. Also the risk of walnut trees damage by critical low winter temperatures is significant. We assessed the hardiness of generative organs and the resistance to the most harmful diseases for all samples studied. According to the results of study, four of the most promising forms of Persian walnut breeding of the North Caucasus Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture (now NCFSCHVW) are selected.
Persian walnut is traditionally popular in the Russian market. For the gardeners the creating of industrial plants is profitable, and from the sale of the harvest, and from the sale of valuable wood in the garden renovation. One of the key parameters for the modern horticulture is the availability of suitable varieties. Creating the varieties possessing along with high yield, the resistance to cold, the complex of other valuable features and properties (early maturing, complex resistance to drought and major diseases anthracnosis and bacteriosis during epiphytoties, and vermins codling moth and dusky veined walnut aphids, the self-compatibility, high commodity and consumer quality fruit with a high content of nutrients and bioactive substances, etc..) can be an effective way in solving the breeding problems The article presents the results of breeding of Persian walnut in the FSBSI NCFSCHVW (NCRRIH&V). From hybrid fund the four types on a range of biological and agronomic traits are selected and studied for a wide introduction to the peasant and farmers' economies. Oven Persian walnut is obtained in 1988, when the cultivar Pelan was pollen by cultivar Iziaschniy. Cultivar Nadezhda is the elite seedling isolated in 1996 in local seed populations. Cultivar Rodina is the elite seedling selected in 1996 in the local seed populations. Cultivar Dachniy is isolated from the seedlings of an open pollination variety of Ideal (mutation breeding). Sowing of seeds was held in 1990. In the process of study the detailed information was received about the morphological and biological characteristics and properties of varieties. Also the results of phenological observations and analysis of yield and fruit quality are presented.
The literary review of data on lateral walnut fructification is adduced in the article. The prospects of this trait for use in a breeding programs are shown and the method of an assessment of trait manifestation on the phenotypic level is shown. It is noted that the lateral type of fructification is a leading walnut trait for an assessment of components defining productivity. Using data on quantity of female flowers in the lateral position and percent of the fruits received from them, it is possible to calculate an index of a tree productivity. This index correlates with long-term data on productivity and can be used at an initial assessment of perspective walnut forms. This method is suitable for the search of walnut valuable forms during expeditions. The received values can be interpreted as follows: productivity index of less than 200 low, 201-400 average, 401-500 high, more than 501 very high productivity index. The positive correlation between lateral walnut fructification and low resistance to winter frosts and bacteriosis defeat is established, however intraspecific hybridization allows to neutralize these negative qualities under the conditions of the South of Russia. There is the conclusion that the use of forms with lateral fructification is the extremely perspective direction in the walnut breeding on productivity.
The results of research on walnut grafting obtained in experimental plots over the recent period are presented in the article. Promising method of reproduction of grafted walnut seedling (normal flap grafting buttstock), which increases yield of high quality walnut plants by 15-20% compared with the traditional methods of propagation is defined.