Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article presents the results of studying the keeping quality of varieties and breeding forms of apple trees of autumn and winter maturation periods, natural weight loss during storage in an unregulated gas environment in the conditions of the foothill zone of the Crimea. Breeders and fruit growers are faced with the task of breeding and introducing into production new varieties with high adaptability to growing and storage conditions suitable for modern intensive plantings in connection with the government's import substitution policy. Rational selection of genotypes for storage is one of the most effective ways to reduce losses during storage. The study of keeping quality was carried out in an unregulated gas environment at a temperature of +2 º C, and a relative humidity of 85-90 %. The determination of diseases during the storage period was carried out visually, according to the determinant of plant diseases. The keeping quality is genotypically determined, and different storage modes cannot change the general orientation of the fruit ripening process, but affect the intensity of its passage. It is necessary to take into account varietal (individual) reaction to a certain temperature regime when selecting the assortment of apple varieties to be laid for long-term storage. Keeping quality is due to genetic characteristics, but it is more influenced by the conditions of the growing season, the timing of removal, post-harvest processing of fruits, the stability of the storage regime. Genotypes that are able to maintain high commercial and consumer qualities of fruits are highlighted among the presented variety samples. The use of the selected genotypes as initial forms in obtaining new varieties will allow to create a new generation of adaptive varieties suitable for growing conditions in the south of Russia and increased storage potential in an unregulated gas environment.

Annotation

The article presents the results of studying the frost tolerance of generative buds of apple varieties and breeding forms in winter and spring in the conditions of the foothill zone of the Crimea. The resistance of apple trees to negative factors of growing conditions is one of the most important conditions that determine their economic and breeding value, as well as the effectiveness of cultivation in a specific zone. The study of the frost tolerance of generative buds was carried out by the field method and in laboratory conditions by the method of direct freezing at different stages of organogenesis (December-February -26 ºC, March -21 ºC). As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that the decrease in frost tolerance of the studied samples occurs with the differentiation of fruit buds. Genotypic differences in the frost tolerance of plants, in the same phase of development of flower buds, which are a biological feature of the variety, are established. Genotypes of different maturation periods were identified (four varieties of different ecological and geographical origin, and two breeding forms were identified in experimental and breeding plantings of the Crimean Experimental Horticulture Station � Idared, Askolda, Golden Delicious, Crimskoe Zimnee, 1-8-�, 60-65. These samples, which have a high degree of frost tolerance of generative buds, are of both practical and theoretical interest. These and some other varieties and forms can be recommended for use in breeding programs of the southern fruit growing zone as sources of winter hardiness. The use of the selected genotypes as the initial forms for obtaining new varieties will create a new generation of adaptive varieties suitable for growing conditions in the south of Russia and increased productivity potential.