Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The natural conditions of KabardinoBalkaria are distinguished by a large mosaic of relief, soil, water and thermal regime. This circumstance must be taken into account when choosing macro- and microzones for the successful cultivation of specific fruit crops, depending on environmental factors. Among large number factors affecting the success of fruit crops cultivation, the climatic and meteorological conditions of the winter-spring period are of primary importance. There are many climatic parameters that determine the growth of fruit plants, but only the main ones that are considered the most significant should be used to create the estimation models. It is known that many climatic parameters are interconnected with each other, which allows, by choosing the main ones, to indirectly take into account many others. In the primary sources, the greatest attention is paid to the parameters characterizing the temperature conditions of fruit plant�s growth, as well as the conditions of atmospheric humidification. Variety experts and breeders are trying to replenish and change the species-varietal composition of fruit crops for each fruit zone of the KBR (foothill, steppe, forest, mountain-steppe). Based on graphical and mathematical modeling, as well as a synthesis of literature data, the critical values of negative temperatures are allocated when placing the fruit crops in the main areas of horticulture according to the phases of plants ontogenesis. Long-term research on variety�s study and breading of stone fruit crops (peach, apricot) and microclimatic observations in comparison with long-term data and the use of modern methodological technologies allow us to substantiate a model for optimizing the placement of fruit crops under the difficult soil and climatic conditions of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic.

Annotation

The analysis of long-term stress conditions of weather and their influence on the valuable stone fruit cultures are given. Adaptive possibility of peach, apricot and nectarine are estimated and promising varieties are allocated.

Annotation

The development of fruit growing at the present stage largely depends on the degree of consideration of ecological and climatic conditions in the process of fruit plants cultivation. The success of the cultivation of fruit crops, including apricots, is mainly influenced by climatic and, first of all, meteorological conditions of the winter-spring period. The analysis of the state of land, natural resources, agrometeorological conditions in relation to a particular culture, taking into account a large number of factors in their relationship and influence is carried out. According to long-term data, in April in the Foothill zone of the KBR, negative temperatures are often observed, especially in the last 10 years. During the period of growth and development of plants (May - early June) and active growth of shoots (June), high temperatures and insufficient moisture supply are stressful, the amplitude of fluctuations in recent years has shown a growing trend. Abnormal temperature jumps, Both in the positive direction and in the negative direction, increase over the years (periods of abnormal weather increase). Apricot is considered the most drought-resistant crop and grows successfully in the zone of unstable moisture and can be cultivated without irrigation. It is noted that excess water in the soil is also harmful to fruit plants, as well as its lack. It has been established that excess moisture in the soil has a more negative effect on plant development than lack of moisture. A systematic analysis of the biological characteristics of apricot and other characteristics (especially yield) with the requirements for environmental conditions and the realities of emerging agrometeorological conditions are shown in this paper by fragments of the matrix correlation.