Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article presents the results of the analysis of long-term studies of the dynamics of the main climatic indicators over a 38-year period in the complex relief of the North Caucasus on the example of the specific conditions of the mountains and foothills of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in three horticultural zones � Steppe, Foothill and Mountain-Steppe. Temperature conditions are divided into two periods 1985-2000 and 2001-2022, in order to identify patterns in the manifestation of the genotype in the phenotype under conditions of climate fluctuations. Research data confirm that the climate of the region is undergoing certain changes under the influence of global climatic processes that are currently taking place. The paper presents an analysis of the �genotype-environment� interaction on the example of pear varieties of different ripening periods and different frost resistance in Kabardino-Balkaria. The requirements of pear varieties by phases of their development to the dynamics of limiting environmental factors in the winter-spring period have been studied. An assessment of the corresponding requirements of varieties to growing conditions is given. Monitoring of changes in the passage of developmental phases (variability of phase lengths) is shown. Graphical models of the most vulnerable periods of the onset of critical temperature stresses in the winter-spring period have been developed for various pear varieties in different horticultural zones of Kabardino-Balkaria. The presented new knowledge about the protective and adaptive reactions of varieties for each phase of development will make it possible to manage not only the productivity of varieties as a whole (integral indicator), but also the production process, which will ensure an increase in yield capacity by at least 70-80 %. New solutions are proposed to identify genetically determined reserves in the analyzed pear varieties in order to use them in further breeding.

Annotation

Republic of North Ossetia � a region of mountains with a huge variety of climate, soil and topography. Its natural potential has been used long for growing of fruit crops. But always one of the factors that affect their productiveness, was the low temperature of winter and spring period. At present in connection with climate change a new limiting factors (frequency and amplitude) manifest (in time and space). Response of fruit crops to changes in weather phenomena manifests itself in the form of imbalance of phenological phases of development, since their change the discrepancy between the rhythm of development of plants in phases with a new environment manifests. The analysis of occurrence of absolute minimum temperature in December, January, February and March in various areas of Nortn Ossetia is carried out. Ontogenetic adaptation of peach species to winter-spring temperatures in Republic North Ossetia (on the phases of growth) was studied. It was reviled that temperature conditions for the last 10 years have become more severe and march has become warmer. It was increased the probability of winter damage of generative peach buds out of profound peace, has increased, and the probability of death of future yields from spring frosts has diminished.

Annotation

The natural conditions of KabardinoBalkaria are distinguished by a large mosaic of relief, soil, water and thermal regime. This circumstance must be taken into account when choosing macro- and microzones for the successful cultivation of specific fruit crops, depending on environmental factors. Among large number factors affecting the success of fruit crops cultivation, the climatic and meteorological conditions of the winter-spring period are of primary importance. There are many climatic parameters that determine the growth of fruit plants, but only the main ones that are considered the most significant should be used to create the estimation models. It is known that many climatic parameters are interconnected with each other, which allows, by choosing the main ones, to indirectly take into account many others. In the primary sources, the greatest attention is paid to the parameters characterizing the temperature conditions of fruit plant�s growth, as well as the conditions of atmospheric humidification. Variety experts and breeders are trying to replenish and change the species-varietal composition of fruit crops for each fruit zone of the KBR (foothill, steppe, forest, mountain-steppe). Based on graphical and mathematical modeling, as well as a synthesis of literature data, the critical values of negative temperatures are allocated when placing the fruit crops in the main areas of horticulture according to the phases of plants ontogenesis. Long-term research on variety�s study and breading of stone fruit crops (peach, apricot) and microclimatic observations in comparison with long-term data and the use of modern methodological technologies allow us to substantiate a model for optimizing the placement of fruit crops under the difficult soil and climatic conditions of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic.

Annotation

The analysis of long-term stress conditions of weather and their influence on the valuable stone fruit cultures are given. Adaptive possibility of peach, apricot and nectarine are estimated and promising varieties are allocated.

Annotation

Fruit growing in the KBR, with a variable soil and climate, and relief-altitude conditions is problem, so study of the resource potential of the land for specific fruit crops is actual. On the base of GIS the estimation of the land is given and territory of the fruit placement according to the main ecological requirements of the cultures is determined.