Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article presents the results of the analysis of long-term studies of the dynamics of the main climatic indicators over a 38-year period in the complex relief of the North Caucasus on the example of the specific conditions of the mountains and foothills of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in three horticultural zones � Steppe, Foothill and Mountain-Steppe. Temperature conditions are divided into two periods 1985-2000 and 2001-2022, in order to identify patterns in the manifestation of the genotype in the phenotype under conditions of climate fluctuations. Research data confirm that the climate of the region is undergoing certain changes under the influence of global climatic processes that are currently taking place. The paper presents an analysis of the �genotype-environment� interaction on the example of pear varieties of different ripening periods and different frost resistance in Kabardino-Balkaria. The requirements of pear varieties by phases of their development to the dynamics of limiting environmental factors in the winter-spring period have been studied. An assessment of the corresponding requirements of varieties to growing conditions is given. Monitoring of changes in the passage of developmental phases (variability of phase lengths) is shown. Graphical models of the most vulnerable periods of the onset of critical temperature stresses in the winter-spring period have been developed for various pear varieties in different horticultural zones of Kabardino-Balkaria. The presented new knowledge about the protective and adaptive reactions of varieties for each phase of development will make it possible to manage not only the productivity of varieties as a whole (integral indicator), but also the production process, which will ensure an increase in yield capacity by at least 70-80 %. New solutions are proposed to identify genetically determined reserves in the analyzed pear varieties in order to use them in further breeding.

Annotation

The article considers the issue of studying the morphogenesis of generative buds of sweet cherry varieties in the conditions of the Kuban zone of the Krasnodar region, the influence of the temperature factor on the nature of the course of this process and the subsequent yield capacity of the studied plants. According to the literature data, in dry years, the laying of flower buds begins 2-3 weeks earlier than usual. At the same time, excessive drought delays or completely stops both the formation of buds and their differentiation. During the research period of 2021, the temperature that slows down the development of generative buds of stone fruit crops (more than 30 ºC) was observed throughout July and August, and in 2022 for the entire study period, reaching the category of a dangerous phenomenon in September. Periods of insufficient precipitation in 2021 were observed from the second decade of July to the first decade of August. In 2022, the growing season was drier than the previous one, which accelerated the differentiation of flower buds. The results of the analysis of the morphology of flower buds made it possible to identify varieties that are resistant to critical summer temperatures: Slavyanka, Romantika, Bigarro Oratovsky, Drogana Drogana zheltaya, Valery Chkalov, Kavkazskaya, Kosmicheskaya, Summit, Alaya, Volshebnitsa. The yield capacity of the studied sweet cherry varieties showed that stable fruiting was distinguished by: Kavkazskaya (average yield capacity was 17.5 kg/tree), Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya (20 kg/tree), Kosmicheskaya (22.5 kg/tree), Romantika (13.5 kg/tree), Drogana zheltaya (20.5 kg/ ree), Slavyanka (16.5 kg/tree), Summit (10 kg/tree). Varieties that give the highest yields in years with critically high temperatures can be recommended for cultivation in the conditions of southern horticulture, and they can serve as sources for breeding for heat resistance and productivity of cherry varieties.

Annotation

Russia apricot production is on 16 place in the world. Basically, it is cultivated in the Southern regions of Russia, as it is a warm and light-loving plant, characterized by early flowering. It requires a smaller set of positive temperatures than for other fruit-trees to get out of the dormant stage, so the flower buds damaged often die to recurrent frosts and early frosts. Increase in the production of this very demanded and useful crop product requires a precise selection of specific conditions of the growing environment necessary for stable fruiting, especially in the winterspring period. In connection with climate change, it is necessary to constantly monitor the strength and direction of changes in weather stresses and possible with it modifications to the growing areas. The analysis of temperature data for the period 1950-2020 made it possible to reveal a clearly manifested cyclicality of the difference between the daily maximum and minimum air temperatures in time with a 30-year interval. It has been established that the apricot wood can be able to withstand the absolute minimum up to -30 º�, and the flower buds in the forced dormancy phase � up to -22 º�. According to it, since 1890, a study of the frequency of the onset of absolute minimum temperatures for thirty-year periods has been carried out. It is noted that the most frequent manifestations of temperature stresses, fatal for this crop, are observed in two periods � 1921-1951 and 1952-1982. The data obtained made it possible to develop a new version of apricot zoning in the Krasnodar Territory for the period up to 2030, based on computer technologies using. The results of this work will allow us to expand the area of cultivation of this valuable crop and avoid the risks in the process of crops obtaining.

Annotation

The purpose of this work is to study the species and varieties of ornamental flowering shrubs of the genus Weigela Thunb. in the Kuban State University Traning Botanical Garden for their use in the gardening of urban gardens and parks, as well as the use in landscape design of private territories. The object of the research is the plants of the Weigela genus (Weigela Thunb.), growing in the collection of Training Botanical Garden. The material for writing the work was field records and diaries, photographs, drawings, herbarium specimens of plants genus under study. The anatomical structure of species and varieties leaves of the genus Weigela Thunb was studied. The studies were conducted 2018-2019. In the process research, the botanical microtechnology was applied. The article presents a brief morphological characteristics of the leaves of the studied genus. The results of studying the anatomy of the representatives leaves of the genus Weigela Thumb. are presented. Analysis of the anatomical structure of the leaves of the genus Weigela Thunb. plant varieties revealed the following features. The leaf epidermis is most developed in the variety ʹNana Variegataʹ and is 2,0 mcm. The maximum thickness of the phloem part of the beam is 3,1 mcm for this variety. Xylem and columnar mesophyll are better developed in the leaves of ʹNana Variegataʹ variety, as well as the Weigela leaves are distinguished by the thickness of a spongy mesophyll. Mechanical tissue in the veins of the leaf is most expressed in the varieties of ʹNana Variegataʹ and ʹDame Blancheʹ. The distance width of the beam xylem part is approximately the same for all representatives, but the varieties of ʹCaricatureʹ and ʹRumbaʹ are outstanding according to this indicators.

Annotation

The search for new promising pear varieties with high adaptation and production potential is an important aim of modern breeding for the southern regions of the Russian Federation. In present study, the results of the physiological characteristics of four pear varieties during the summerautumn season 2022-2023 are presented. Pear trees were planted in the territory of the Prikubanskaya fruit growing in the Krasnodar Region. Three varieties Leven, Lyuberskaya, Flamenco of Russian breeding and the American variety Devo were used. The pear leaves were selected three times during the summer months and in September. The content of soluble sugars and total phenols, as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes � superoxide dismutase and peroxidase � were determined in the plant material. It was established that an increase of the level of the primary and secondary metabolites accumulation and an increase of enzymatic activity by ~20-75 % occurred in the hotter and drier 2023. The content of soluble sugars significantly increased to ~12.0 mg/g fresh weight in the leaves of the varieties Devo and Leven. The accumulation of phenolic compounds increased in all pear varieties by more than 30 % with values exceeding 27,0 mg/g fresh weight. The level of superoxide dismutase activity in 2023 averaged 13.4 unit/mg protein, which is slightly higher than the values of 2022. Peroxidase activity increased 2-4 times with maximum values of more than 8,0 unit/mg protein per min. in the varieties Leven and Lyuberskaya. In conclusion, the data obtained indicate that the drier and hotter conditions of 2023 were not critical for the normal growth and development of the studied pears varieties, but only initiated the activation of the defense antioxidant system in plant cells.