Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

From the beginning of 2000 the development of a phylloxera leaf form was fixed on vineyards of the South of Ukraine at all growing grapes varieties, including European grafted varieties. The work purpose is studying of bioecological features of development of a phylloxera leaf form, the search of its natural enemies and selection of preparations for effective protection of grapes plantings. In the course of research we studied the influence of abiotic factors (air temperature, amount of precipitations, the sum of active temperatures) on development of a phylloxera leaf form; the efficiency insecticide�s action from various chemical groups; harmfulness of a phylloxera leaf form; biocenotic communications of a phylloxera leaf form of with the complex of entomophages. Field experiments were conducted according to "A technique of a field experiment". The spreading of a phylloxera leaf form of in the field conditions at various grapes varieties was studied by a method of route inspections. According to the results of three years' research the close correlation connections between the development of a phylloxera leaf form and the following abiotic factors were established: air temperature (r =-0,84), sum of active temperatures (r =-0,90), amount of precipitations (r = 0,99), hydrothermal coefficient (r = 0,95). On the basis of the obtained data the optimal terms of sprayings of grapes plants against a leaf form of phylloxera are established. By the results of tests of various systems of protective measures the calculation of economic efficiency of grapes production was carried out. It is established that the Karate Zeon is the most effective preparation against a leaf�s form of phylloxera. The predatory species of insects are revealed, it is possible to use them in a biological method of grapes plants protection.

Annotation

In the last 10 years the increase in intensity of spreading and development of grape felt mite is observed and its harmfulness becomes stranger. Expansion of an area of wrecker�s spreading causes the necessity of carrying out of research directed on studying of features of its development and elaboration of system of protective measures for industrial grapes plantings. The work purpose is differentiation of grapes varieties zoned in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine on a damage rate of grape felt mite; an assessment of its harmfulness; studying of efficiency of insekt-acaricides from various chemical groups and determination of optimal terms of their application. The methods of research are: field � for determination of intensity of spreading and harmfulness of grape felt mite; agritechnical � measurement of productive indicators of grapes plants; culculative � for determination of efficiency of system of protective measures. It is shown that efficiency of studied preparations is 78-90 % on the 28th day after spraying, and on the 45th day is 75-94 %. Maximum efficiency was obtained under treatment by Demitan and Masay preparations. In the course of work the features of development of a grape felt mite, the level of its spreading and harmfulness at zoned grapes varieties are studied; the optimal terms of carrying out of protective measures are determined and the most effective insecticides from various chemical groups are revealed. The developed protective measures allow to increase the net income due to increasing of yield�s quantity and quality of grapes and save the material resources to produce a unit of production. Prime cost of 1 ton of grapes production decreased in comparison with control by 5%; with application of studied preparations the net income increased on options I-III by 14%; the profitability of grapes production increased by 9%.

Annotation

The article presents the priority directions of breeding of seed's fruit crops for gardening of South Ural: the winter hardiness, drought resistance, productivity, low growing and quality of fruits. It is noted that in the practical breeding the introduction in production of new varieties of domestic and foreign breeding is important. The gene pool of seed's fruit crops in the collection of the Orenburg experimental station of gardening and wine growing is presented by 379 variety samples: apple-trees - 161; pear-trees - 77; clonal apple-tree rootstocks - 146. It is shown that the use of this genetic fund gives the great opportunities for creation and allocation of new varieties and formation of steady assortment meeting the requirements of modern gardening. By the results of scientific research 13 varieties of seed's fruit crops included in the State register of breeding achievements. 4 varieties of the Orenburg experimental station breeding are transferred to the State variety study. On the basis of studying of genetic collection of an apple-tree, a pear-tree, apple-tree clonal rootstocks and allocation of donors and sources of valuable signs a number of the varieties and perspective hybrids are created with adaptability, productivity and high quality of fruits for further improvement of the existing assortment of seed's fruit crops. The further priority directions of breeding work on seed's fruit crops under the conditions of the changing climate are defined: the resistance to biotic and abiotic factors of the environment of cultivation, productivity, fast fructification he solution of objectives is possible by involvement in the crossings of donors and sources of the valuable signs of both domestic and foreign breeding, allocated as a result of variety study and detection of regularities of inheritance of important signs.

Annotation

The work presents the study results of the effect of microbiological fertilizer EcoRic (Bacillus subtilis subsp. Subtilis, strain BR-1256 - 1-10x9CFU / cm3 ) on the wine grape variety of �Bastardo Magarachskiy� in the conditions of the South Coast of Crimea. The objectives of the research included determining the effect of the studied fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative indicators of grapes. Crop formation and ripening took place under the hot and dry summer conditions. It was found that double foliar treatment with microbiological EcoRic fertilizer in the application rate of 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 l / ha during the period of active growth of shoots (the inflorescence emerge (according to the BBCH-scale53)) and at the beginning of grape flowering (�the inflorescences fully developed, flowers separating"(according to the BBCH-scale57) � "first flower hoods are detached from the receptacle"(according to the BBCHscale 60) had a proper positive effect on increasing in the cropping capacity of grapes per 1 ha: with the rate of application of 2.0 l / ha � by 0.93 t / ha (9.1 %); 3.0 l / ha � by 1.62 t / ha (15.9 %); 4.0 l / ha � by 2.43 t / ha (23.8 %). Double foliar application of the studied fertilizer also contributed to an increase in the average bunch weight by 10.0-24.3 %, an increase in the yield per one record bush by 0.42-1.01 kg (9.1-22.0 %), the leaf surface area of the bush (m2 ) � by 16.3-37.2 %, the average shoot length � by 16.8-22.3 %. The yield collected from variants with foliar application of microbiological EcoRic fertilizer, in terms of quality indicators, was higher than that collected from the control: in that number by mass concentration of sugars in a berry juice � by 10.0-22.3 (4.7-10.5 %) g / dm3.

Annotation

The actuality of problem of organic production in the Crimea has been studied based on the results of sociological interrogation conducted using questionnaire method and the current situation with wine consumption in Russia was analyzed, based on available analytical data. The questionnaire comprised the questions on ecological awareness of the population and organic products consumption. It is established that the majority of respondents demonstrated awareness on organic agriculture (69 %) and on the negative impact of pesticides on human health (87 %), which attests to high ecological awareness of the Crimea population, as a whole. Note was made on the high readiness of the Crimeans to buy organic agricultural production grown without pesticides and other agrochemicals, even if it is higher in price. The most acceptable for the Crimeans price adjustment for organic production was established at the rate of 20 %, as compared to non-organic products. A high level of mistrust was revealed for such markings as �eco�, �organic�, �bio�, etc. on the labels, as well as negative correlation between the trust level to labels and ecological awareness of the population as related to the negative impact of pesticides on health (r = �0,19). As a result of questionnaire analysis it is established low level of grape wine consumption among the medium-income population of Crimea (the majority of respondents buy wine once a month at most, if at all), and a high frequency of fresh fruit purchase (81 % of respondents buy fruit once per week or more often). The need to produce the own organic food products in Crimea to increase its touristic attractiveness was noted. The basic products that are the trademark of Crimea, according to the respondents, are grapes, wine and figs.