Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Now adays the increase in fruits production depends on application of advance technological methods, effective system of fruit-trees fertilizer and material and technical resources. The solution of the problem of increase in efficiency of fertilizer of pome crops providing the development of rational elements of fertilizer systems on the example of an apple-tree and assessment of expediency of their application in the intensive fruit plantings in the South of Ukraine was the purpose of this work. The research are carried out at the Melitopol Experimental Station of gardening named after M. F. Sidorenko on the basis of long field experiments (2003-2014). The influence of various doses, terms, ways, forms and ratios of micro and macro fertilizers on the nutritious mode of the soil, and also on physiological and biochemical and productional processes of apple-tree plants was studied. The yield count in experiences was carried out by a weight method according to instructions of Institute of gardening of Ukraine. The economic efficiency of fertilizers use was calculated according to technological charts and the certain recommendations, taking into consideration the actual expenses of production. The results of the long-term research carried out by us have shown the defining role of mineral fertilizers in increase in productivity of intensive pome orchards in the South of Ukraine. It is established that the use of fertilizers which doses are calculated on the basis of data of leaf diagnostics, and also a combination of soil nutrition with foliar top dressing are effective. Observance of these conditions provides a harvest increase at the level of 3-6 t/hectare and decrease in expenses of fertilizers by 25-60 % that compensates an excess of material and labor input on carrying out of these agric technique under the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine.

Annotation

For regulation of productional processes of fruit crops through the optimization of the mineral soil mode there is urgent a choice of effective methods of diagnostics of plants nutrition on the basis of experiences with fertilizers which will allow you to give a complex assessment of quality of fruit-trees nutrition in certain phases of their growth and development. As a result there is an opportunity to influence quickly on realization of productional potential of fruit plants. The purpose of these research were the establishment of ranges of optimal values of the main parameters in the "soil - fruit - tree" system which will provide the optimization of process of fruit trees nutrition and the maximal manifestation of their potential. As a result of the research carried out by us it is established that the level of accumulation of the main nutrients in the soil and the intensity of their receipt in the plants of apple-tree and pear-tree depend on changes of NPK content due to application of fertilizers, and also on the hydrothermal mode of the soil. The optimal ranges of content and ratio of NPK in the soil and leaves of apple-tree and pear-tree for activation of their productional processes are specified. It is shown that for productivity formation in the fruit plantings of the studied crops not lower than 30 t/hectare, the necessary level of P2O5 content in the soil are 35÷46 mg/kg and the content of nitrogen and potassium in the leaves are 1,8÷2,2 % and 0,35÷0,60 % respectively, NPK ratio in the leaves is 4,6-5,7: 1: 1,1-2,3. The possibility of use of advanced methods of plants and soil diagnostics for development of scientifically reasonable rational systems for mineral fertilizers introduction in the orchards of the South of Ukraine is proved.