Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Locating of vineyards is based on the principle of adapting the commercial grape assortment to agroclimatic and soil resources of a particular cultivation region, taking into account special cultivation technologies, satisfying the selected direction of using the grown crops. The work presents the results of analysis of spatial distribution of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC, as one of the most important agroclimatic indices characterizing the ripening period of grapes. The SRTM-3 digital terrain model of the Crimean Peninsula and long-term data of meteorological observations in 17 meteorological stations of Crimea and Sevastopol for the period of 1985-2019 were used as materials. To identify the patterns of spatial distribution of the analyzed index, a network of 15 control points, coinciding with the location of meteorological stations, armed with long series of observations, was created. Using GIS technologies, for each control point we calculated the values of agroecological factors that can affect spatial variation of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC: absolute height above sea level, exposure and slope steepness, latitude, distance to the sea or other large water reservoir. Furthermore, for the analyzed index, several mathematical models were selected. They were compared with each other in terms of the error between the calculated and actual data in the control points. The coefficients were adjusted for every model to minimize errors. Based on the results of comparison, the most accurate model was selected to be used in generating a digital map of spatial distribution of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC. Digital large-scale map of spatial distribution of the indicator on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula was compiled and 6 zones were identified basing on the obtained results. The resulting findings are intended to optimize the locating of commercial vineyards and increase the efficiency of production on the back of sustainable use of natural resources.

Annotation

The paper analyzes the temperature conditions limiting the industrial grapes formation on the territory of the Crimean peninsula. Research covers soil and climatic indices, such as: soil type, the sum of active temperatures and average mean of the absolute air temperature minima, as well as grape varieties of various ripening periods. With the help of the geographic information software ArcGis, a digital complex multiple factor cartographic spatial distribution model of the main agroecological factors limiting the industrial viticulture has been developed. The territory under study was classified as to the appropriateness of its agroecological factors for cultivation of various groups of grape varieties. Based on the classification of the cultivation appropriateness for different groups of grape varieties, the territory of the Crimean peninsula was divided into 14 ecotopes with indication of the area distribution (13 by climatic characteristics and 1 by unfavorable soil conditions). Guided by the principle of guaranteed high quality harvests, the recommendations were developed on the varietal composition of grapes for each ecotope. The obtained data demonstrated that the territory of the Southern coast of Crimea and the coastal zones of the western and eastern parts of the peninsula (the first and second ecotopes) were the most favourable regions in terms of heat supply and frost hazard for cultivation of industrial grapes. These findings make it possible to recom-mend the cultivation of grape varieties from the very early to late ripening period that are characterized by weak, medium and high frost resistance. Industrial grapes cultivation on the territory of the thirteenth and fourteenth ecotopes is not cost-efficient. The terrain of the thirteenth ecotope is not suitable for the development of grapes due to unfavorable temperature conditions. In the area of the fourteenth ecotope, unfavorable soil conditions have developed limiting the effective cultivation of grapes.

Annotation

Agroclimatic conditions have a great influence the efficiency of agricultural crops growing, the yield quality and quantity and the general phytosanitary condition of biocenoses. The Crimean peninsula has the favorable natural conditions for the cultivation of industrial grapes. However, at present, the potential of agroclimatic resources are used, not in full when placing the industrial plantations. Temporal trends in the change of the agro-ecological data have been analyzed in the artocle. Analysis revealed the tendency to enough rapid increase in such indicators as the average annual air temperature and the sum of active temperatures above 10 º�. It was established that the annual precipitation on the territory of the Crimean peninsula also demonstrated an upward tendency, however, at a rather low rate; while the frost-threat level expressed as the value of the mean absolute minimum of the air temperature didn�t have a clear upward or downward tendency. A cartographic model was developed to allow a long-term forecasting of the spatial distribution of the agro-ecologic resources on the territory of the Crimean peninsula including the data for 2035 and 2050. Based on the data obtained, the climate of the Crimean peninsula has a tendency to warming. At the same time, pre-requisites are being formed to expand the areas suitable for cultivation of late and medium-late ripening grape varieties that require the higher heat provision of the cultivation area. However, it is not possible to speak About expanding the zone boundaries for open-earth cultivation of the grapevine culture, as winter minimums of air temperatures do not demonstrate an upward tendency. It is imperative to keep the obtained data in mind when new vineyards are being established, as, due to temporal ecotope boundary changes, a vineyard planted in the optimal agro-ecologic conditions can over time turn to be on the territory of an ecotope that does not meet the requirements of a particular grape variety.

Annotation

The work is devoted to the development of an algorithm for the allocation of terroirs on a given territory, ensuring the yield of grapes with specified qualitative characteristics. It is proposed to use methods of mathematical and geoinformation modeling, digital relief models, long-term meteorological data and soil maps of the analyzed territory. When working with cartographic data, it is proposed to use such methods as vectorization, rasterization, recalculation of rasters, classification and reclassification of rasters, overlay analysis. Agroecological factors that have the greatest impact on the formation of grape quality are identified and methods of their assessment are proposed, taking into account spatial variation under the influence of terrain and other terrain features: sum of active temperatures above 10 ºC, Huglin and Winkler indices, amount of precipitation for the year and the growing season, Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, average of absolute minima of air t emperature. This set of indicators is recommended to be used for the allocation of object-oriented grape-wine terroirs. Suggestions for using the algorithm to search for territories with specified parameters of soil and climatic conditions are given. The developed algorithm makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the ampeloecological assessment of the area, simplify and automate the process of selecting optimal lands for obtaining a given type of high-quality viticultural and wine products. The algorithm takes into account the features of spatial variation of the analyzed factors and allows you to accurately calculate the value of a factor at a given point, and also implies an integrated approach in assessing a large number of factors most significant for product quality.

Annotation

The article presents the results of studies of the degree of favorability of agroecological conditions of the Foothill zone of the Crimea for growing grapes. The long-term data on weather stations of the Crimean peninsula are analyzed. The following climatic indices describing the conditions of vegetation and ripening of grapes are calculated: the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC, the Winkler and Huglin indices, the ratio of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC and 10 ºC, the average air temperature during the growing season, the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, the amount of precipitation per year and during the growing season. Agroecological factors limiting the possibility and efficiency of grape cultivation are also analyzed: the sum of active temperatures above 10 ºC, the average of the absolute minima of air temperature. With the help of geoinformation modeling, a digital complex map of the spatial distribution of index data on the analyzed territory was constructed. The distribution of territories in the Foothill zone of Crimea that are not subject to the planting of vineyards is analyzed: with unfavorable soil conditions, with a height of more than 600 m above sea level, with a slope of more than 20 degrees, as well as lands of forest and nature reserves. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of agroecological conditions in the territory of the Foothill zone of Crimea, 14 ampeloecotopes were identified, including: in the territory of the Bakhchisarai district � 10, Belogorsky district � 9, Simferopol district � 12. As a result of comparing the agroecological conditions of the selected ampeloecotopes with the requirements of grape varieties for growing conditions, taking into account the dependence of the quality indicators of viticultural and wine-making products on agroecological factors, recommendations on agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticultural and wine industry in the Foothill zone of the Crimea were developed.