Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article presents the results of studies of the degree of favorability of agroecological conditions of the South-coast zone of Crimea for growing grapes. The long-term data on weather stations of the Crimean peninsula are analyzed. The following climatic indices describing the conditions of vegetation and ripening of grapes are calculated: the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC, the Winkler and Huglin indices, the ratio of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC and 10 ºC, the average air temperature during the growing season, the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, the amount of precipitation per year and during the growing season. Agroecological factors limiting the possibility and efficiency of grape cultivation are also analyzed: the sum of active temperatures above 10 ºC, the average of the absolute minima of air temperature. With the help of geoinformation modeling, a digital complex map of the spatial distribution of index data on the analyzed territory was constructed. The distribution of territories in the Southern coast of Crimea that are not subject to the planting of vineyards is analyzed: with unfavorable soil conditions, with a height of more than 600 m above sea level, with a slope of more than 20 degrees, as well as lands of forest and nature reserves. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of agroecological conditions in the territory of the Southern coast of Crimea, 15 ampeloecotopes were identified, including: on the territory of the city district of Alushta � 7, the city district of Sudak � 11, the city district of Feodosia � 8, the city district of Yalta � 5. As a result of comparing the agroecological conditions of the selected ampeloecotopes with the requirements of grape varieties for growing conditions, taking into account the dependence of the quality indicators of viticultural and wine-making products on agroecological factors, recommendations on agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticultural and wine industry in the Southern coast of Crimea were developed.

Annotation

The article presents the results of analysis of spatial distribution of the mean monthly air temperature in September on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula. The work on the complex agro-ecological territorial zoning, including a wide range of orographic, edaphic and climatic indicators, is the basis for terroir viticulture and winemaking. The climatic conditions for growing grapes have a great influence the crop quality, and as a result determine the direction of its use. The SRTM-3 electronic terrain model of the Crimean Peninsula and long-term data of meteorological observations at 17 meteorological stations of Crimea and Sevastopol during 1985-2019 were used as study objects. To identify the objective laws of spatial distribution of agro-climatic indices characterizing the grape ripening period, we prepared a network of 15 reference points coinciding with the location of meteorological stations and a long series of observations. To model the spatial distribution of the mean monthly air temperature in September, three mathematical models were used, including the authorial one. The data of the WorldClim 2.0 model was adjusted by adding an error correction of 0.67 to the results of calculation, which slightly increased the modeling accuracy. A multivariate model was also compiled, taking into account the geographical latitude of the terrain and the absolute height above sea level. Based on the results obtained, a digital large-scale map of spatial distribution of the mean monthly air temperature in September on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula was developed. We mapped out 5 zones according to the mean monthly air temperature in September. Using of these models in GIS makes it possible to computerize the analysis of amenity of a territory for growing grapes.

Annotation

The work presents an analysis of territorial distribution of climatic factors that characterize the heat supply of the Crimean Peninsula territory. The materials used were the SRTM-3 electronic terrain model of the Crimean Peninsula and long-term meteorological observation data from 17 meteorological stations in Crimea and Sevastopol for the period of 1985-2020. To conduct the research, we have collected and analyzed meteorological information, necessary for calculating climatic factors that characterize heat supply of the Crimean Peninsula territory for grape production. In this regard, six climatic indicators related to the thermal conditions of the territory were selected: the Huglin heliothermal index, the Winkler index, the sum of temperatures above 10 º�, the sum of temperatures above 20 º�, the average temperature of growing season, the ratio of the sum of temperatures above 20 º� to the sum of temperatures above 10 ºC. To optimize the location of grapevine plantations, a comparative analysis of consistent patterns of spatial variation in the values of given climatic factors was carried out. It is established that the analyzed factors have similar patterns of variation under the influence of terrain, hydrological and geographical parameters of the territory. Therefore, the classification step of values of every analyzed factor was selected to match the class limits. According to the group of analyzed Factors characterizing the heat supply of the territory, a complex digital large-scale map of spatial distribution of heat supply on the Crimean Peninsula territory was constructed, according to which 5 classes were identified. The achieved developments can provide the basis for agro-ecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of viticultural and winemaking industry of the Republic of Crimea.

Annotation

The work is devoted to a comprehensive agroecological analysis of the territory of the Crimean peninsula for favorable conditions for cultivation of grapes. The regularities of spatial variation of eight agroecological factors that characterize the heat and moisture availability of the territory are studied: the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC, the ratio of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC to the sum of temperatures above 10 ºC, Huglin and Winkler indices, the average temperature of the growing season, Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, amount of precipitation for the year and the growing season period. The factors are grouped according to the principle of similarity of the patterns of their spatial variation. The main agroecological factors limiting the possibility and efficiency of cultivation of grapes are considered: the average of the absolute minima of air temperature and the sum of active temperatures above 10 ºC. Based on the revealed patterns, digital distribution maps of the studied factors are constructed. Using GIS technologies, an overlay analysis of complex maps of heat, moisture availability and frost hazard of the territory was carried out with the mutual overlap of maps and the separation of ampeloecotopes of one group by the boundaries of ampeloecotopes of other groups. Territories that are not suitable for vineyards due to unfavorable orographic and soil onditions, as well as lands belonging to the nature reserve and forest areas, have been identified and excluded. On the territory of the Crimean Peninsula, 27 ampeloecotopes with varying degrees of favorability for cultivation of grapes with a total area of 1672.6 thousand hectares have been allocated and a digital map of their placement have been built. The obtained results can serve as a basis for agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticultural and wine industry of the Republic of Crimea.

Annotation

For the most comprehensive study of the influence of agroecological factors on the quality of grapes, the research area covers Steppe, Pedmont and the South Coast zones of the Crimean Peninsula. At the same time, the spatial variation of agroecological factors under the influence of the terrain, hydrological features of the territory and the heterogeneity of the surface background was taken into account. The developed geoinformational database contains information on the location of more than 70 control vineyards, the qualitative characteristics of the crop yield obtained in 2001-2019 and the agroecological conditions of the area. It contains the information about the morphometric features of the terrain and climatic resources of the territory under study. To assess the formation of complexes of major and secondary grape metabolites, the information on the qualitative composition and quantitative content of mono- and oligo- carbohydrates, organic acids, phenolic substances, aroma producing components and their ratios in berries is included in the database. Basing on the data collected, by non-linear interpolation of long-term observations at Crimean meteorological stations using methods of geoinformational and mathematical modeling, the climatic indicators for each point of the Crimean Peninsula were calculated. It allowed to characterize accurately the climatic conditions in each vineyard with prospects to contribute to a more accurate identification of patterns between the characteristics of the grape growing area and parameters of crop quality. The geoinformational database developed is a powerful tool to study the relationship between agroecological factors and the formation of the major and secondary grape metabolites, determining the quality parameters of products of viticulture and winemaking. It will allow using, when analyzing the correlation between the qualitative indicators of grapes and climate parameters, not the data of the nearest meteorological station, as in other similar studies, but the values specified on the basis of geoinformational modeling. This will contribute to a more accurate identification of the nature and degree of the analyzed dependencies.