Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The most effective means of vineyards protection for fungal diseases are the treatment of plants with systemic fungicides. Long-term use of fungicides leads to their accumulation in the ecosystem of vineyards, where they can persist for a long time in the soil in its original form and partially migrate to plants and grapes. Preserving in the soil, the preparations reduce the functioning of beneficial soil microflora, worsen the properties and structure of the soil, intensifying the process of soil degradation. Soil toxic residues, accumulating in the grapes, do not ensure its food safety. The greatest efficiency, but also and environmental hazard, is represented by third- generation fungicides, consisting the previously used active ingredients � Falcon, CE (spiroxamine + tebuconazole + triadimenol), Universal SP (tebuconazole), Kolosal, CE (tebuconazole), Kolosal Pro, KME (propiconazole + tebuconazole), having a complex structure that ensures their synergism and cumulativeness. The purpose of the work is to establish the degradation of organic fungicides of complex structures in the ecosystem of ampelocenoses. The residues of the studied fungicides in the soil were determined by well-known methods using a Tsvet 500M gas chromatograph. Research took a place in the vineyards of the specialized economies of the Black Sea coast against the background of long of use of these fungicides. Option 1 of the experiment � the lack of treatments with fungicides in the current season; Option 2 � fungicide treatments were carried out during research season. It has been established that in soil the toxic residues are detected 10 months after the last treatment in amounts exceeding the MPC by 4,7 times (tebuconazole); 5,2 times (propiconazole); 9,5 times (triadimenol). Some of them, migrate from the soil and accumulate in the grapes, that do not ensure its food safety.

Annotation

The soil of vineyards treated with pesticides is the main accumulator of their toxic residues that migrate in the ecological chain �soil-plant-grape�. Among the main factors that affect the yield and quality of grape-wine products, is the progressive soil degradation of grape plantations. In the vineyards, the soil is degraded to a greater degree because the process of its cultivation and hard exploitation going on for a long time. Recently, due to the loss of active humus and the loss of microbial activity, there has been a decrease in fertility and the accumulation of toxic chemical compounds in the soil. The soil loses its characteristic structure and functions, there is a loss of natural microflora, and this reduces the ability to selfpurification, nitrogen fixation, and mobilization of food elements, which in the end is marked by a shortage and deterioration in the quality of grape and wine products. Increasing in the biological potential of the soil is possible by providing it with biomaterial in the form of humified plant residues that increase in the suppressiveness of the soil and activate the process of destruction of persistent toxic compounds to safe levels. The study of increased natural and energy potential of the vineyards soil that are devoid of rotational-restorative agro bioprocess is still an acutely relevant and in-demand research area. The relevance of the presented research and the novelty of the existing problem is confirmed by incomplete data in the world practice on the use of deficient biomaterial in biological agriculture and is determined by the feasibility of using the achievements of biotechnology in vineyards. The rational and promising direction of application of organic fertilizer in industrial vineyards include the secondary waste of grape production. This paper presents the scientific and methodological materials and results of complex agrotechnical and ecological toxicological studies in viticulture.

Annotation

Organic fungicides of systemic action are applied in the vineyards more than two decades to fight against fungal diseases, which led to the soil contamination of cultivated plantings. In the process of studying their degradation, the toxic compounds were found, which persist for a long time in the soil of agricultural land, and reduce the soil suppression indicators. The organic fungicides of the systemic action of the triazole group (falcon, universal, kolosal, kolosal pro) are unificated by the presence in their composition of the tebuconazole active substance, distinguished by the duration and stability in the soil of the cultivated grape plantings. This fact dictates the need to increase in the suppression of the soil, affecting the detoxification of toxic inclusions. The study of the influence of soil suppression enriched with biologi cal fertilizer from wine-making waste the tebuconazole detoxification is the goal of this work. Tebuconazole residues in the soil were determined according to generally accepted methods using a �Color 500M� gas chromatograph. It has been established that the treatments of vineyards against fungal diseases with fungicides of the systemic action of the triazole group lead to soil contamination with tebuconazole. Long-term use in the vineyards of fungicides containing a tebuconazole, showed that by the period of the next treatment its concentration in the soil exceeds the permissible rate (up to 7.90 MAC). It was revealed that 2-fold introduction of biomaterial from wine-making waste into the soil of vineyards increases the properties of soil suppressiveness, activating the process of detoxifying tebuconazole from 7.9 to 3.3 MPC. The partial detoxication of tebuconazole has been established by the enrichment of the soil with natural compounds in the form of wastes from the grape industry. The need to use this kind of organic fertilizer as a detoxifying agents require further development of the modification of its functional composition and physical-biochemical properties.