Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

One of the important indicators in the evaluation of new varieties and hybrids of plums are the biochemical parameters and taste qualities of fruits, which make it possible to determine the direction of their use for processing, but also, to identify sources of breeding-valuable traits. The article presents the results of an assessment of 15 new hybrids of domestic plum in the conditions of the Prikuban horticulture zone of the Krasnodar region, obtained from directed crosses. The aim of the research was to evaluate the fruits of domestic plum hybrids according to biochemical parameters (content of solids, sugars, acids, vitamin C, P-active substances), taste (sugar-acid index) and commercial qualities ( fruit weight, shape index, stone weight and its ratio to the total weight of the fruit), the selection of the best, according to a complex of valuable traits, for further use in the breeding process. It was established that under the conditions of the Prikuban horticulture zone, plum fruits accumulated on average 11.8 % of sugars, 18.0% of solids, 0.87% of acids. The highest content of sugars in the fruits of hybrids was observed in forms 17-1-55, 17-2-64 and amounted to 14.9 %. The sugar-acid index, as one of the main indicators of taste, was noted in the hybrid 17-2-64 (15.7). Plum hybrids 17-1-55 (5.1 mg/100 g) and 17-1-76 (5.0 mg/100 g) were characterized by a high content of ascorbic acid. The best indicators for the presence of P-active substances in fruits were recorded in hybrids 17-2-62 (85.9 mg/100 g) and 17-2-64 (90.6 mg/100 g). As a result, hybrid 17-2-64 was isolated, which is characterized by a high content of solids, sugars, P-active substances, as well as taste. It can be recommended as a source of breeding-significant traits for obtaining new varieties and expanding, to a certain extent, the genetic diversity of domestic plum.

Annotation

Improving the assortment of stone fruit crops, including domestic plum, is carried out by various methods of varietal, interspecific hybridization, clonal selection, etc. The efficiency of the breeding process is determined by the initial parental pairs included in the crosses, whether they are donors or sources of valuable traits. In this connection, the identification of more promising for breeding involves a comprehensive assessment to identify their genetic potential, adaptability and productivity in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region where the variety testing is carried out. The aim of the research was a comprehensive assessment of plum varieties of various ecological and geographical origin, concentrated in the NCFSCHVW plum collection, identification of source varieties of valuable traits for use in breeding and renewal of the southern assortment. In the process of variety testing, new data were obtained regarding their biological potential, the manifestation of a set of features important for a new variety: early maturity, adaptability to the most harmful diseases, productivity in the conditions of southern Russia. As a result of many years of field and laboratory studies, sources of breeding-significant traits have been identified for inclusion in hybridization and obtaining new breeding material. It has been established that plum varieties Femida, Top Hit Plus and Presenta are early maturing and in the conditions of southern gardening come into fruiting for 3 years after planting in the garden. Domestic variety Herzog showed resistance to high-temperature stress factors of the summer period. According to resistance to the diseases dominating in the region (clasterosporiasis and moniliosis), varieties Prezenta, Ozark Premier, Andromeda, Dark Sunlight were distinguished, the affection of the leaves of which did not exceed 1 point. The sources of the productivity sign are the plum varieties Olenka, Dark Sunlight, Prezenta, which form a high Yield of 20 t/ha and above with dense planting patterns. The sources of high taste qualities (4.5 points) include plum varieties August delight, Dark Sunlight, Prezenta. The selected sources of valuable traits are recommended for further breeding and renewal of the southern plum assortment.

Annotation

In recent years, foreign varieties of stone fruit crops have been actively introduced in Russia. New varieties are widely used for laying of intensive plantations. The introduction of new varieties of stone fruit crops presupposes their comprehensive assessment in order to identify the most adaptive and productive varieties under the new soil and climatic conditions. New varieties generation also need to be studied to identify their genetic potential and to isolate the donors and origins of breeding valuable traits. The purpose of the research was to comprehensive assess the introduced varieties of domestic plum of various ecological and geographical origin, to identify the varieties-sources of valuable traits for breeding use and expansion of the group of promising varieties. The article presents the results of evaluation of 6 new introduced varieties of domestic plum, Chinese plum and cherry plum � Big Stanley, Blue Moon, August Delight, Dark Sunlight, Crimson Glo, Angelino of various ecological and geographical origin. In the course of the research, new knowledge was obtained on the implementation of their biological potential, the features of the manifestation of signs � early maturity, resistance to major diseases, yield, marketability and taste of fruits under the conditions of the Southern Region of Russia. The varieties-sources of breedingsignificant traits, the use of which in breeding will allow to expand the genetic diversity of the culture and obtain new breeding material, have been preliminary selected. It has been established that the varieties of Dark Sunlight and Crimson Glo are early-growing and begin to bear fruit for 3 years after planting in the garden, they resistant to temperature stress factors and have a restrained tree growth force within 2.5 m, high yield exceeding 25 t / ha and high taste at the level of 4.7 points. The selected varieties of plum domestic can be used in various breeding programs, as well as for cultivation in the South of Russia.

Annotation

Under the condition of the annual stress impact, a lot of zoned plum domestic varieties decreased in adaptive and productive potential, which makes it necessary to optimize the assortment, especially with new varieties of domestic breeding. The basis of obtaining a new variety is the original hybrid material, the evaluation of which allows you to select elite forms and varieties with a set of economically valuable traits. The purpose of these studies was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the domestic plum gene pool and the selection of selected forms with high adaptability, productivity and fruit quality for breeding use and expansion of promising varieties group. The article presents the results of the evaluation of the source material plum domestic, obtained from the aimed crosses of different parent forms. It has been established that the majority of the studied hybrid forms have an average growth vigor, late maturation, high resistance to the main diseases. Based on the analysis of phonological data and the results of a comprehensive assessment of selected hybrids, two selective forms of 17-2-64 and 17-3-79 were revealed, which characterized by fast fruiting (the beginning of fruiting for 5 years), growth restraint (within 3.7-3.8 m on own roots and without pruning), resistant to clasterossporium (0.5 points), yield capacity of 6.1 and 7.8 t / ha with a planting scheme of 5x3 m in the second year of fruiting. The selected hybrid forms of plum domestic, possessing he economically valuable and breeding significant traits are of interest for further breeding work and are the basis for replenishing the assortment of fruit crops with plum varieties of domestic breeding.