Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

To solve modern problems of apple tree breeding, research aimed at mobilizing bioresources of the genus Malus Mill. including using a complex of methods of phenotypic assessment and DNA analysis to identify new high-value donors of significant traits to optimize a number of important stages of the breeding process. The objects of study are 22 hybrid forms of apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) of different genetic origin. Hybrid own-root plantations of apple trees, planted in 2017, are located in Experimental Production Farming "Centralnoye" (Krasnodar). A standard differentiator, Priscilla, was used as a control for the presence of the Rvi6 gene. as well as apple tree varieties of the NCFSCHVW collection: Soyuz, Orfey, Florina. Research work was carried out at NCFSCHVW, using the Center for collective use of high-tech equipment and the Center for collective use of bioplant resources. The aim of the study was to isolate homozygous forms for the Rvi6 gene of resistance to Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint. among the hybrid material of the apple tree for further breeding use. The programs and methods of selection and variety study were used. The method of PCR analysis was applied to identify the presence of homozygosity for the dominant allele of the Rvi6 gene using the codominant marker AL07 in 22 new hybrids obtained from parental forms, carrying the Rvi6 gene in a heterozygote: Carmen, Liberty, Gemeni, Renuartsiv, Modi, Fujion, 12/1-21-63, 2034. According to the results of DNA analysis, it was found that 4 out of 22 studied samples were homozygous for the dominant allele of the Rvi6 gene; 10 � heterozygous. Valuable for breeding homozygotes for the scab resistance gene Rvi6: 17/1-6-66, 17/2-6-4 (from the family 12/1-21-63 × Modi); 17/2-5-19, 17/2-5-20 (Carmen × Modi). The results of the study can be used to plan pollination schemes during hybridization, replenish the identified collections with new donors, structure the gene pool, supplement and develop information databases for use in breeding work and in production.

Annotation

The studies were carried out according to the programs and methods of variety study and breeding generally accepted and developed at the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in the center for collective use �Research and breeding collection of genetic resources of horticultural crops�. The objects of research are 57 varieties and forms of apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy, ecological geographic and genetic origin. The purpose of the study is to study allelic polymorphism for the self-incompatibility gene during pollination in representatives of the genus Malus Mill. for use in apple breeding. The CTAB method was used to prepare the DNA preparation. To identify alleles S2, S3, S5, S7 and S10 of the desired gene used the method of PCR analysis. It was revealed that these alleles of the S gene have a significant difference in the frequency of occurrence in the studied sample. The most common allele is S2, the frequency of which is the highest in the sample � 40.35%; the frequency of occurrence of alleles S3, S5, S7 and S10 is significantly lower (in 1.9�4.6 times) and is 21.05 %; 8.77 %; 17.54 % and 21.05 %, respectively. Among scab-immune apple cultivars, the S2 and S10 alleles are the most common (distribution frequency 54.17 % and 33.33 %, respectively). According to the results of DNA analysis among 57 sample samples in 10 varieties: Victoria, Virginia, Gertrude, John Downey, Zheltozelenoe, Imperial Pavla, Ketney, Nikita, Riesling red, Florking did not reveal the presence of alleles S2, S3, S5, S7 and S10. With the exception of Victoria and Virginia varieties with low pollen viability, the remaining varieties are identified as promising pollinators (taking into account the timing and duration of the flowering period, the degree of pollen viability) for use in breeding and production. The results of the analysis of this sample of apple varieties are important for solving the problems of structuring the collection fund, replenishing information databases, identifying the best pollinators for breeding research and use in production.

Annotation

The studies were carried out in accordance with the programs and methods of breeding and variety study generally accepted and developed at the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in the Center for Collective Use �Research and Breeding Collection of Genetic Resources of Horticultural Crops� (CCU RBC GRHC). The objects of research are varieties and forms of apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. The aim of the study was to evaluate the allelic polymorphism of microsatellite sequences in the genome of collection specimens of the genus Malus Mill. as a starting material for further breeding. Genotyping of 48 apple varieties (of which: 44 diploids and 4 triploids) of the genetic collection of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW was carried out using 12 SSR markers: CH04c07, GD12, CH03d07, CH02C09, CH01h10, GD96, CH04e05, GD100, Hi02c07, GD147, CH01f02, CH02c11. Markers have been established that have: the largest number of alleles � GD12 (18 alleles); the smallest number of alleles � CH01h10 and Hi02c07 (10 alleles); the largest number of effective alleles � CH01f02 (9.018) and CH02c11 (9.366); the smallest number of effective alleles � CH01h10 (3.499). According to the diversity index, loci CH01f02 and CH02c11 were identified as having the highest allelic polymorphism. The grouping of the studied 48 apple varieties was performed based on the results of genotyping for the two most informative markers (CH01a02 and CH02c11) and cluster analysis. The highest average allele length (2480.40) is in the varieties included in the third cluster, then in the second cluster (1019.66), in the fourth cluster (819.65) and in the first cluster (603.28). 4 groups consisting of 7, 3, 22 and 16 varieties, respectively, were formed according to the average length of alleles. The results of the analysis of this sample of apple varieties are important for solving the problems of structuring the gene pool and further breeding studies.

Annotation

The research is devoted to the comparative analysis of physico-chemical and organoleptic parameters of ciders produced by Russian and foreign enterprises. Samples of products were taken from the trading network of Krasnodar by the method of spot sampling. The influence of beverage production technology on their physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics is shown. There was a significant difference between ciders made from freshly squeezed juice and concentrated apple juice, especially in the concentration of residual extract, which correlated with the fullness of taste of drinks. In ciders produced from freshly squeezed juice, a large concentration of residual extract, phenolic compounds, phosphorus, cations of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron was noted. They were characterized by fullness of taste, bright aroma with tones of apples, pronounced tones of fermentation. At the same time, tones of alcohol and milk fermentation formed during fermentation of apple juice were identified in the taste. Cider samples made by fermenting concentrated apple juice had a simple fresh taste with hints of apples in taste and aroma. They showed the lowest concentration of residual extract, including phenolic compounds and ash alkaline and alkaline-earth elements. In some cider samples, the concentration of sodium cations had high values � up to 188 mg/dm3 , which indicates the use of water prepared using sodium-cationic filters. At the same time, a low concentration of calcium and magnesium cations was noted, which indicated their exchange for sodium ions during water treatment.

Annotation

The article is devoted to the study of various varieties of apples of domestic and foreign breeding as raw materials f or the production of ciders. 30 varieties of apples of different ripening periods were processed. The obtained results showed a significant variation in the concentrations of dry matter and sugars. The highest concentrations of sugars � from 147 to 167 g/dm3 , necessary for fermentation and accumulation of ethanol of natural fermentation, were found in apples of Virginia, Orfey, Persikovoe, Margo, Exotica, Florina varieties. The highest values of the mass concentration of titrated acids were revealed in winter varieties of apples: Renet Platona (7.9 g/dm3 ), Orfey (7.1 g/dm3 ), Liberty (6.0 g/dm3 ). It was found that the yield of the wort ranged from 43.8 (Form 12/1-21-6) to 58.8 % (Ligol). Studies have shown the greatest yield of wort in the processing of winter varieties of apples � Ligol, Persikovoe, Enterprise, Jin, Prikubanskoe, which averaged 57.6 %. The yield of wort is slightly lower in autumn varieties � an average of 53.8 %. The lowest yield of wort was revealed in the processing of apple varieties Form 12/1-21-6, Virginia, Form 12/1-20-4, Form 12/1-21-6, Zolotoe letnee. The dynamics of fermentation of apple wort differed. In 18 samples, fermentation was fully completed, and in 9 there was a shortage with different concentrations of unsealed sugars � from 50 to 74 g/dm3 (Virginia, Ligol). The consistency of the wort was varied: loose with good juice separation (Zolotoe letnee, Amulet); puree with slow particle sedimentation (Ketney, Champion); fibrous or mealy-fibrous with weak juice separation (Virginia, Form 12/1-20-4, Form 12/1-21-6, Form 12/1-21-36, Form 12/1-20-16, Form 12/1-21-19); fibrous with good juice separation (Exotica, Orfey). In the remaining samples, despite the dense structure of the fruit, good juice secretion and sedimentation of particles were noted, due to which the wort self-clarified.