Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

To solve modern problems of apple tree breeding, research aimed at mobilizing bioresources of the genus Malus Mill. including using a complex of methods of phenotypic assessment and DNA analysis to identify new high-value donors of significant traits to optimize a number of important stages of the breeding process. The objects of study are 22 hybrid forms of apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) of different genetic origin. Hybrid own-root plantations of apple trees, planted in 2017, are located in Experimental Production Farming "Centralnoye" (Krasnodar). A standard differentiator, Priscilla, was used as a control for the presence of the Rvi6 gene. as well as apple tree varieties of the NCFSCHVW collection: Soyuz, Orfey, Florina. Research work was carried out at NCFSCHVW, using the Center for collective use of high-tech equipment and the Center for collective use of bioplant resources. The aim of the study was to isolate homozygous forms for the Rvi6 gene of resistance to Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint. among the hybrid material of the apple tree for further breeding use. The programs and methods of selection and variety study were used. The method of PCR analysis was applied to identify the presence of homozygosity for the dominant allele of the Rvi6 gene using the codominant marker AL07 in 22 new hybrids obtained from parental forms, carrying the Rvi6 gene in a heterozygote: Carmen, Liberty, Gemeni, Renuartsiv, Modi, Fujion, 12/1-21-63, 2034. According to the results of DNA analysis, it was found that 4 out of 22 studied samples were homozygous for the dominant allele of the Rvi6 gene; 10 � heterozygous. Valuable for breeding homozygotes for the scab resistance gene Rvi6: 17/1-6-66, 17/2-6-4 (from the family 12/1-21-63 × Modi); 17/2-5-19, 17/2-5-20 (Carmen × Modi). The results of the study can be used to plan pollination schemes during hybridization, replenish the identified collections with new donors, structure the gene pool, supplement and develop information databases for use in breeding work and in production.

Annotation

The studies were carried out according to the programs and methods of variety study and breeding generally accepted and developed at the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in the center for collective use �Research and breeding collection of genetic resources of horticultural crops�. The objects of research are 57 varieties and forms of apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy, ecological geographic and genetic origin. The purpose of the study is to study allelic polymorphism for the self-incompatibility gene during pollination in representatives of the genus Malus Mill. for use in apple breeding. The CTAB method was used to prepare the DNA preparation. To identify alleles S2, S3, S5, S7 and S10 of the desired gene used the method of PCR analysis. It was revealed that these alleles of the S gene have a significant difference in the frequency of occurrence in the studied sample. The most common allele is S2, the frequency of which is the highest in the sample � 40.35%; the frequency of occurrence of alleles S3, S5, S7 and S10 is significantly lower (in 1.9�4.6 times) and is 21.05 %; 8.77 %; 17.54 % and 21.05 %, respectively. Among scab-immune apple cultivars, the S2 and S10 alleles are the most common (distribution frequency 54.17 % and 33.33 %, respectively). According to the results of DNA analysis among 57 sample samples in 10 varieties: Victoria, Virginia, Gertrude, John Downey, Zheltozelenoe, Imperial Pavla, Ketney, Nikita, Riesling red, Florking did not reveal the presence of alleles S2, S3, S5, S7 and S10. With the exception of Victoria and Virginia varieties with low pollen viability, the remaining varieties are identified as promising pollinators (taking into account the timing and duration of the flowering period, the degree of pollen viability) for use in breeding and production. The results of the analysis of this sample of apple varieties are important for solving the problems of structuring the collection fund, replenishing information databases, identifying the best pollinators for breeding research and use in production.

Annotation

The main goal of this paper is development of methodological approach to assessment of resistance degree of stone fruit crops to phytophatogens, which could let to select forms with long-termed resistance and to get qualified and ecologically pure production with the reduce of pesticide load. As model system was used the resistance of Prunus L. hybrids to coccomycoces. Now the methods of selection of forms with horizontal resistance are very popular. The complexity of the allocation of such forms lies in the significant variability of plants defeat even on the same block. The dependence of defeat point by a number of factors (conditions of the year, location of the tree in the block, the presence of various pathogen biotypes in the population, skill of specialists, etc.) often does not allow to correctly assess the resistance of many varieties. It is confirmed by numerous publications in which data are presented on the various degree of fruit plants lesion (varieties, hybrids, rootstocks), even growing in the same geographical areas. The use of biochemical indicators related to sustainability allows us to create the rapid methods for the selection of unaffected forms. The development of such methods is related to the study of variability of biochemical parameters, and of lesion point and those relations, with the help of genetic-statistical analysis. For selection of reference forms, that is the plants with clear reaction on pathogen infection (not infected by fungus with horizontal resistance elements and with late infection progress) need to make controlled inoculation by different biotypes. The article suggests the methodological approach to the assessment of stability of stone fruit crops based on the use of the complex of biochemical, genetic and immunological and statistical methods.

Annotation

The wealth of genetic tools makes it possible to analyze phylogeny and genetic polymorphism in the studied taxa. The genetic components include retrotransposons. The study of retrotransposons is relevant for the creation of genetic markers. At the moment, DNA markers, whose polymorphism is due to retrotransposon inserts, have gained distribution in genetic work. The aim of this work is to search and detect effective IRAP and ISSR markers for the genotyping of apple rootstocks. Based on the quality of the obtained DNA fingerprint, the selection of the most informative markers was carried out for each of the markers involved in the work. The primers of the selected IRAP and ISSR markers will be used in the future for genotyping of stocks. As a result of the work performed on the genotypes of apple tree stocks, 5 IRAP markers 4 gave DNA fragments during PCR. At the same time, 2 markers from the general sample were identified as promising for further work. The group of promising markers includes IRAPs with the largest number of amplified fragments and an easily interpreted type of DNA fingerprints. As a result of the work performed on the genotypes of apple tree stocks, 5 IRAP markers 4 gave DNA fragments during PCR. At the same time, 2 markers from the general sample were identified as promising for further work. The group of promising markers includes IRAPs with the largest number of amplified fragments and an easily interpreted type of DNA fingerprints. This group includes: Cass 1 and �ass 2. In case of testing of 8 ISSR, 3 markers were selected for further work. Further work will be aimed at assessing the genetic polymorphism of the selected markers with the subsequent expansion of the volume of the analyzed sample of samples.

Annotation

The most important multilocus marker systems include ISSR markers based on polymorphism of genome fields located between microsatellite areas. Their effectiveness in genetic work has been demonstrated in the extensive list of studies in which they were involved. ISSR markers are easy to use, low-cost and methodologically less demanding than many other marker systems, and it makes them good genetic markers for the initial stages of organisms research for which the genetic information is missing. The aim of this work is to search for and detect the effective ISSR markers for genotyping of representatives the P. serrulata species. The results of testing ISSR markers on the genotypes of the P. serrulata species are shown. Based on the quality of the DNA fingerprint obtained, the most informative ISSRs were selected for each of the markers involved in the work. Primers of ISSR markers selected will be used for genotyping. As a result of the work performed in the process of PCR f rom 35 ISSR markers, 26 gave DNA fragments on sakura genotypes. At the same time, 8 markers from the general sample were identified as promising for further work. The group of promising markers ncludes ISSRs with the largest number of amplified fragments and an easily interpreted type of DNA fingerprints. This group includes: UBC 811, UBC 813, UBC 818, UBC 825, UBC 843, UBC 864, 3A59, ASSR02. Further work will be aimed at assessing the genetic polymorphism of the selected markers with subsequent expansion of the volume of the analyzed samples.