Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The necessity of introducing of modern innovations in industrial fruit-growing is justified and the main reasons hindering their widespread use are analyzed. A comparative analysis of agrobiological indicators of apple rootstock types is conducted. Economic feasibility of use of construction without trellis in cultivation of poor growing garden is justified

Annotation

The characteristic of the processes of intensification in industrial fruit growing is given, their goals are defined. The main technological shifts of the technological structure formed in the domestic fruit growing are presented. Based on the analysis of the development of technological structures, the predicted technological shifts in the near future, the characteristic features of promising technologies in fruit growing, their criteria and signs are presented. Systemically presented factors-signs of intensification of fruit growing. The article reflects the retrospective of the intensification of industrial fruit growing on the basis of breeding and introduction of low-growing rootstocks and differentiated technologies formed with their participation. The main directions of intensification that increase the biopotential of agrocenosis are graphically presented. The analysis of the negative influence of chemical and technogenic factors on agroecocenoses, leading to bioresource deformations in the biocenosis, soil and soil microbiota, microbio -, acaro - and entomosystems, is carried out. The necessity of restoring and developing the reproductive capabilities of agroecosystems, mainly by biological methods, is proved, which include: the development of populations of rhizosphere microorganisms in the soil biota, the expansion of the range of applied biological products created on the basis of effective strains of beneficial microorganisms, the widespread use of various forms and methods to increase plant immunity, including elicitor-type preparations.

Annotation

In the article the characteristics of industrial horticulture of Russian Federation is gives. The analysis of the volume of consumption of fruits and berries products and ensuring of consumer demand due to different sources are conducted. The necessity and methods of import substitution of fruits and berries products are justified. Emerging trends of own resources deficit of agricultural commodity producers for the renovation of agricultural plantings are identified, and it is a deterrent to the development and updates the need to increase in public support and differentiation of forms of state regulation. The deficit of financial resources for the implementation of program assignments based on import substitution is identified. The necessity of development of domestic nursery, including for import substitution is justified. The directions to reduce the deficit of resources, reduce the initial costs for creating of agricenosis, through the use of alternative trellis free technologies of industrial are proposed apple-tree cultivation, they provide a differentiated use of wide spectrum of domestic stocks, which offer the several advantages relatively to the most common types of rootstocks-introductions. The comparative economic characteristics of trellis free technologies of industrial apple-tree cultivation in comparison with the previous analogs is gives. The expediency of application of biosystems of plantings protection as direction of resource capacity reducing of process in the industrial horticulture and ensuring of agrical ecosystems is justified. It is established, that the additional annual volume of financial resources for the implementation of program tasks of branch development based on import substitution (increase of planting to 16 thousands of hectares annually) will be an average 8.1 billions rubles, which is 1,9 times less than the costs of imports of fruit products and planting materials. The effects from the development of industrial horticulture with the need to import substitution are calculative justified: the increase of value added is annually by 4,3 billions rubles, the value of tax revenue per year to 256 million rubles average, the creating more than 2000 of new workplaces.

Annotation

In the article the characteristic of grapes and wine-making branch of the Russian Federation is given, its social and economic importance is given. The historical retrospective of wine growing development in Russia is submitted. The main tendencies of branch development are established. The reasons of its stagnation and functional disproportions in the industrial wine growing are caused by negative macroeconomic tendencies; violations of the economic principles of the expanded reproduction organization and insufficiency of state regulation forms are based. The attention is focused on actual problems of branch development for import substitution. The analysis of world production of grapes and wine is carried out and the share of Russia in its structure is defined. The assessment of realization of state programs of development of grapes and wine-making branch with basis of need of increase in their resource providing is given. The need of development of domestic nursery for ensuring of increasing volume of plantings laying by high-quality landing material according to program tasks, including for import substitution is well founded. The achievements of outstanding scientists in the areas of biology, physiology, ampelografiya and enologiya are considered. The essential changes for the last decade in the domestic wine-making connected with replacement of all processing equipment and transition to new technologies are noted. Need of technologies modification on development of high-quality types of wine-making production to decrease in costs for production and safety of food products is well founded. The priority directions of scientific ensuring of wine growing and winemaking development considering solutions of actual scientific and practical tasks are defined. The purposes, tasks and subject of scientific ensuring of development of grapes and wine-making branch are formulated. The predicted technological changes in the branch on the nearest prospect and critical technologies for ensuring of its competitiveness are established.

Annotation

The article presents the results of the research work of scientists of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution NCFSCHVW obtained in 2021. Research is focused on solving problems of developing the fundamental foundations of agricultural biotechnology, including molecular biological methods of molecular breeding, methods of managing the breeding process to create new plant genotypes; development of technologies for the cultivation of agricultural crops in order to design highly productive agrophytocenoses and agroecosystems of perennial crops, etc. The article analyzes the effectiveness of scientific and technical activities according to the criteria of research, publishing, publication and inventive activity, innovative, educational, financial and economic actions of a scientific institution. As a result of the implementa-tion of R&D, 111 completed developments of fundamental importance were obtained, which form the methodological and methodical basis for the creation of STP of the priority-applied level. Fundamentally new developments in applied research in the fields of knowledge relevant to the scientific institution were 70 developments that improve the quantitative and qualitative indicators of biocenotic and production processes in fruit and grape plantations, technological processes during storage and processing of agricultural products. The gene pool has been preserved � 7258 samples of fruit, berry, nut crops and grapes, replenished with 102 variety samples; clones were selected and 5 donors and 37 sources were allocated to create new varieties that combine high potential productivity, winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to the most harmful diseases and pests. One of the most important results of the research was 4 varieties of fruit crops: (apple � Carmenta, cherry � Yuzhanka, grape � Pinot Meunier, rose � Yubileynaya). The State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use for 2021 in the North Caucasus (6) region includes varieties: apple � Renet Platona, Yunona, cherry � Aleksa, quince � Kubanochka, grape � Dmitriy. Output products in the form of objects of intellectual property for 104 completed developments are registered in the EGISU electronic accounting database. Normative documentation was developed in the form of organization standards, technological instructions and specifications for 43 completed developments.