Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Kochyan Gayane
Articles in journal: (total 20)
It is given the integrated assessment under the conditions of Northern Ossetia-Alania of the main agric and biological characteristics and economic efficiency of new apple-tree varieties, immune and steady against a scab, the most from which are created in NCRRIH&V together with State Scientific Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Horticultural Breeding. The research were carried out according to the standard programs and techniques of breeding and variety's studing. The most fast maturing apple-tree varieties of Feya and Talisman which started the fructification for 1-2 year after landing are selected. The high productivity is noted for Carmen, Rassvet, Talisman, Vasilisa and Granatovoe (31,0-38,5 t/hectare). The high yield of standard fruits (to 80-85%) is noted for Feya, Carmen, Orpheus and Granatovoe. The indicators of economic efficiency of cultivation of new varieties are calculated. The most perspective apple varieties for industrial cultivation are selected: Rassvet, Carmen, Granatovoe. High level of economic efficiency of cultivation of these varieties are caused by an optimal combination of immunity to a scab with a complex of the main economic signs: fast and high productivity, fructification regularity, high quality and standardization of fruits. The highest growth of profitability is noted in a group of autumn apple-tree varieties - to 16,6% (Carmen), and in a group of winter varieties - to 24,8% (Granatovoe). In a group of early summer varieties the Rassvet variety on profitability level corresponds to a control variety of Geneva Erli, wich is the one of the best variety of this maturing term. The use for optimization of industrial assortment in the Northern Ossetia-Alania of new apple-tree varieties, immune and steady against a scab, will allow us to increase in economic efficiency of gardening branch and to improve an ecological situation in the region due to decrease in number of processings by means of plantings chemical protection.
The functional essence of ecologization of reproduction processes in viticulture is refined. The areas of negative symptoms in ampelocenosis caused by massive use of chemicals are defined. The efficiency of use of developed biotechnologies in the protection of vineyards is empirically proved and justified by calculation
The necessity of introducing of modern innovations in industrial fruit-growing is justified and the main reasons hindering their widespread use are analyzed. A comparative analysis of agrobiological indicators of apple rootstock types is conducted. Economic feasibility of use of construction without trellis in cultivation of poor growing garden is justified
The characteristic of the processes of intensification in industrial fruit growing is given, their goals are defined. The main technological shifts of the technological structure formed in the domestic fruit growing are presented. Based on the analysis of the development of technological structures, the predicted technological shifts in the near future, the characteristic features of promising technologies in fruit growing, their criteria and signs are presented. Systemically presented factors-signs of intensification of fruit growing. The article reflects the retrospective of the intensification of industrial fruit growing on the basis of breeding and introduction of low-growing rootstocks and differentiated technologies formed with their participation. The main directions of intensification that increase the biopotential of agrocenosis are graphically presented. The analysis of the negative influence of chemical and technogenic factors on agroecocenoses, leading to bioresource deformations in the biocenosis, soil and soil microbiota, microbio -, acaro - and entomosystems, is carried out. The necessity of restoring and developing the reproductive capabilities of agroecosystems, mainly by biological methods, is proved, which include: the development of populations of rhizosphere microorganisms in the soil biota, the expansion of the range of applied biological products created on the basis of effective strains of beneficial microorganisms, the widespread use of various forms and methods to increase plant immunity, including elicitor-type preparations.
In the article the characteristics of industrial horticulture of Russian Federation is gives. The analysis of the volume of consumption of fruits and berries products and ensuring of consumer demand due to different sources are conducted. The necessity and methods of import substitution of fruits and berries products are justified. Emerging trends of own resources deficit of agricultural commodity producers for the renovation of agricultural plantings are identified, and it is a deterrent to the development and updates the need to increase in public support and differentiation of forms of state regulation. The deficit of financial resources for the implementation of program assignments based on import substitution is identified. The necessity of development of domestic nursery, including for import substitution is justified. The directions to reduce the deficit of resources, reduce the initial costs for creating of agricenosis, through the use of alternative trellis free technologies of industrial are proposed apple-tree cultivation, they provide a differentiated use of wide spectrum of domestic stocks, which offer the several advantages relatively to the most common types of rootstocks-introductions. The comparative economic characteristics of trellis free technologies of industrial apple-tree cultivation in comparison with the previous analogs is gives. The expediency of application of biosystems of plantings protection as direction of resource capacity reducing of process in the industrial horticulture and ensuring of agrical ecosystems is justified. It is established, that the additional annual volume of financial resources for the implementation of program tasks of branch development based on import substitution (increase of planting to 16 thousands of hectares annually) will be an average 8.1 billions rubles, which is 1,9 times less than the costs of imports of fruit products and planting materials. The effects from the development of industrial horticulture with the need to import substitution are calculative justified: the increase of value added is annually by 4,3 billions rubles, the value of tax revenue per year to 256 million rubles average, the creating more than 2000 of new workplaces.