Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Kochyan Gayane
Articles in journal: (total 20)
In the article the characteristic of grapes and wine-making branch of the Russian Federation is given, its social and economic importance is given. The historical retrospective of wine growing development in Russia is submitted. The main tendencies of branch development are established. The reasons of its stagnation and functional disproportions in the industrial wine growing are caused by negative macroeconomic tendencies; violations of the economic principles of the expanded reproduction organization and insufficiency of state regulation forms are based. The attention is focused on actual problems of branch development for import substitution. The analysis of world production of grapes and wine is carried out and the share of Russia in its structure is defined. The assessment of realization of state programs of development of grapes and wine-making branch with basis of need of increase in their resource providing is given. The need of development of domestic nursery for ensuring of increasing volume of plantings laying by high-quality landing material according to program tasks, including for import substitution is well founded. The achievements of outstanding scientists in the areas of biology, physiology, ampelografiya and enologiya are considered. The essential changes for the last decade in the domestic wine-making connected with replacement of all processing equipment and transition to new technologies are noted. Need of technologies modification on development of high-quality types of wine-making production to decrease in costs for production and safety of food products is well founded. The priority directions of scientific ensuring of wine growing and winemaking development considering solutions of actual scientific and practical tasks are defined. The purposes, tasks and subject of scientific ensuring of development of grapes and wine-making branch are formulated. The predicted technological changes in the branch on the nearest prospect and critical technologies for ensuring of its competitiveness are established.
The purpose of these study is to identify and the create promising high-quality vari-eties and forms of apple trees of domestic and foreign breeding with a complex of valuable agrobiological signs for the formation of nature-like, resource-saving plantations. According to the results of years research, the high-quality apple elite forms of NCFSCHVW breeding and joint breeding of NCFSCHVW and All-RRIFCB with oligogenic and polygenic type of scab resistance and promising varieties for use in the production of foreign and domestic breeding have been identified. Study were carried out according to generally accepted programs and methods of breeding and variety study. The objects of research are apple genotypes of different ploidy and genetic origin. Based on the assessment of the complex of the main economic characteristics as early ripening, yield, fructification stability, scab resistance, quality and standard of fruits, the most promising varieties and forms of apple trees were selected for involvement in the breeding process and use in the production. A brief description of new elite forms with oligogenic (18/1-14-35) and polygenic (12/1-20-76) type of scab resistance is given in the article. For industrial cultivation, apple varieties are selected: Cameo, Granatovoe, Auvil Erli. Their brief description and estimated indicators of the economic efficiency of these varieties cultivation (sales profit from 442.8 to 550.2 thousand rubles / ha; profitability from 16.9 to 29.7 pp) is presented. The attention is fixed that the high rates of economic efficiency of these varieties cultivation are due to the most optimal combination of the complex of the most important economic traits: as fast fruitage, high yield, fruiting stability, high quality and standard of fruits, and for Granatovoe variety due to immunity to scab additionally.
The article substantiates the need to develop a technology to increase the resistance of fruit crops to harmful objects in the conditions of climate change. An assessment of the impact of climate change on the stability of fruit agrocenoses is given: changes in temperature regime and water availability, as well as increased chemical and technological pressure on agrocenoses have become the main factors in the increase in the harmfulness of phytophages; the main manifestations are expressed in the adaptation of phytophages to changes in abiotic factors, changes in the life cycle of dominant pests and a decrease in their sensitivity to insecticides, the appearance of more resistant strains of phytopathogens, changes in the species composition of harmful insects and ticks. Experimental data on the formation of the functional structure and types of response of phytophages to anthropogenic impacts in intensive apple plantations in changing weather conditions of the environment are analyzed. A comprehensive analysis of permitted insecticides for the control of apple moth in the growing season of 2022 was carried out. A system of ecological and economic indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of regulations for the effective use of biological and biorational agents of controlling harmful species in apple plantations is proposed, including the following indicators: background content of pesticides in trophic bonds, the number and species diversity of entomophages, the time of the last treatment (days before harvest), LD50 content, the level of realization of the productive potential of plantations, preservation of the biologically set yield of the current growing season, costs for the purchase of plant protection products, structural indicators-resource security and balance of production processes and the restoration of resource potential, the level of profitability sufficient for the implementation of current production activities.
The necessity of developing a mechanism for managing the sustainability of agroecosystems with the participation of grape agrocenoses is substantiated. Negative manifestations of chemical-technogenic intensification factors leading to bioresource deformation in ampelocenoses (violation of the rationality of nature management and sustainability of agroecosystems) and a decrease in the efficiency of production were revealed: increased resistance of pathogens to the chemical preparations used, which causes an increase in the frequency of treatments, an increase in the costs of purchased plant protection products, a decrease in yield; an increase in the anthropogenic load leads to an increase in the volume of mechanized work, a decrease in soil biogenicity; a decrease in the immune status of plants causes a decrease in the potential productivity of plantings. A mechanism for managing the ecological and economic sustainability of agroecosystems is proposed, which is based on a set of formalized principles and requirements reflecting the specifics of organized reproduction processes, and digital technologies based on long-term empirical databases and modern methods of biologization. The technological and economic efficiency of methods and methods of biologization of production and technological processes in industrial viticulture based on the use of living organisms, their systems, products of their vital activity in solving technological problems is calculated, allowing not only to restore the bioresource potential of agrocenosis achieved by chemical and technogenic methods of intensification, but also to form higher reproductive capabilities of agroecocenosis, having a significant reserve of plasticity potential, providing system-wide stability.
The necessity of developing multifactorial models for managing the sustainability of reproductive processes in perennial agrocenoses with the participation of orchard crops and grapes is substantiated. The factors influencing the sustainability and efficiency of the production of fruit products and grapes in the Krasnodar region have been identified. Cognitive models for managing the sustainability of reproductive processes in perennial agrocenoses based on technological processes of elements of the fruit and grape-growing management system have been developed. Models for managing the sustainability of reproductive processes are based on cognitive methods of analysis and digital technologies, taking into account the identified systemic relationships in reproductive processes in functional areas of impact according to criteria of efficiency; biologization; environmental management. Cognitive models have made it possible to identify multifunctional relationships in reproductive processes in functional areas of influence, the optimization of which is the basis for the development of digital technologies. The results of cognitive modeling will be the basis for solving applied problems to increase the productivity of fruit agrocenoses, reduce the level of chemical and anthropogenic load on their elements and optimize the costs of production of industrial products. normative parametric model of the stability of reproductive processes in perennial agrocenoses with the participation of orchard crops and grapes has been developed. The tools for managing biotechnological processes in the elements of agrocenosis are proposed.