Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Prah Svetlana
Articles in journal: (total 15)
The results of evaluation of the field stability of stone-fruit cultures to the harmful objects and the optimal protective systems are presented
The results of phytosanitary monitoring of myco-, patho- and entomocenosis of stone fruit crops in the unstable climatic conditions of Krasnodar region are presented
The results of research on study of specific composition of the sucking vermins in the stone fruit plantings of Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. The research has shown that among phytophages the important place is taken by insects from group of homopterous plant louses (Aphidinea), from group akariformny pincers are herbivorous galloobrazuyushchy pincers (Eriophyidae) and web pincers (Tetranychidae). The comparative analysis of development of the plam's dominating sucking vermins has revealed that the greatest damage of plants is noted at the end of a season and it is connected also with influence of an anthropogenous factor. The terms of phytophages development differ on the years and depend from a complex of abiotic and biotic factors. It is shown that in connection with long spring falls of temperature the terms of development of the gray pollinated plant louse were changed. The long spring with periodic decreases in temperature and rains of storm character has changed the terms of mass appearance of an ordinary web tick for the end of May the beginning of June that for 25 days later than annual terms. Increase in number of vermins that have had the focal spreading, such as plum pseudo scale is noted. For the Japanese cicada butterfly of Ricania japonica Mel-ichar (Ricaniidae, Homoptera) and a felt cicada (Metcalfa prunosa Say) the extension of an injuriousness area has established. The phytosanitary monitoring which is carried out by us in the stone fruits orchards of Krasnodar Region shows the noticeable functional and structural changes in the entomocomplexes of the sucking vermins under the influence of the changing environmental conditions. It is established that the main manifestations of such transformations are the expansion of a specific variety of harmful objects in the orchards of the stone fruit crops, and also the growth of populations number of specific types.
As a result of the research, the most harmful entomo-pato complexes of stone fruit crops were identified, the time of their appearance, the severity, and the nature of the interaction of harmful species, that is necessary for phytosanitary monitoring and understanding of the mechanisms of their structural interactions. There was simultaneous infection of shoots and leaves with powdery mildew and colonization of plum hyphae of Hyaloplerus arundinis F. In the second part of the vegetation in the plantations of cherry and sweet cherry, an entomo-pathocomplex was identified as "Coccomyces hiemalis Higgins. - Myzus cerasi F.". There is a tendency for joint infection of the sweet cherry leaves (Phyllosticta prunicola (Opiz.) and Stephanitis pyri F. with a circle moth, pear bug, phyllostectosis. The tendency to fix the pathocomplexes in the stone fruit orchards is revealed: "cocomicosis-clasterosporium", "leaf curliness-clasterosporium", and it increases the fungal pathogen activity. In cherry trees, the alternaria develops independently as well as in the composition of fungal complexes, in particular with Clasterosporium carpophilum Aderh. There are Alternaria sp., fungi in the sweet cherry fruits, as Fumago vagans Pers in the plum- tree, as well as epiphytic fungi of the genus Fusarium. The development of Cl. Carpophilum are on the leaves affected by milky lustre of all stone fruit crops. Because of the excess of two and more times the norm of precipitation is more common on the fruits of the pathogens complex of stimulants of Monilia fructigena Pers. and Botrytis cinerea Pers. The obtained monitoring data allow to determine the strategy for optimization of the phytosanitary condition of stone fruit plantations and to develop the methodological and practical approaches to manage the production process of stone fruit plantations.
The results of fitosanitary control of agricenosis of stone fruit crops are presented and the elements of protect technology on bases of ecologization in the Krasnodar region are given.