Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

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The results of evaluation of the field stability of stone-fruit cultures to the harmful objects and the optimal protective systems are presented

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The results of phytosanitary monitoring of myco-, patho- and entomocenosis of stone fruit crops in the unstable climatic conditions of Krasnodar region are presented

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The results of monitoring in the period 2014-2016 of the mycopatogen complex structure of the stone fruit crops, in the Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. The trees part above ground was studied. It is established that in the region conditions the incubation period for CL. carpophilum under optimal conditions continues 3-4 days, and varies within 3-9 days, depending on temperature. The most active plants inoculation occurs when the temperature of + 20 ... + 26 � �. For �. hiemalis pathogen it is marked the adaptation to high temperatures: the ability to endure the temperature above +30� � without loss of viability. The high relative humidity (70-98 %, including the rains and fogs) and reduced air temperature (average daily air temperature of + 7� 17 º �) contribute to the rapid spreading of Monilia cinerea Bonord. on apricot and cherry to 90 %, on sweet cherry and plum � from 10 % to 35 %. The frosty plum trees are often defeated by Polystigma rubrum DC. The distribution of Cytospora sp. on stone fruit crops was increased from isolated manifestations up to 10-15 %, primarily in the gardens, weakened by abiotic stresses. After two years of depression in spring time the epiphytotic defeat by Taphrina pruni Tul. was revealed. The first signs of fruit strain are noted in 12-15 days after flowering, but the fruits of relatively resistant varieties are defeated in 30-35 days. The creating of fungal patocomplex on generative and vegetative organs of stone fruit crops was increased. The new pathogens types of Gloesporium sp., Gloesporium cerasi vulgaris Lindau; Syll., Cladosporium carpophilum Thuem., Botryosphaeria obtusa (Schw.) Schoem.), Leptothyrium sp. were appeared.

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As a result of the research, the most harmful entomo-pato complexes of stone fruit crops were identified, the time of their appearance, the severity, and the nature of the interaction of harmful species, that is necessary for phytosanitary monitoring and understanding of the mechanisms of their structural interactions. There was simultaneous infection of shoots and leaves with powdery mildew and colonization of plum hyphae of Hyaloplerus arundinis F. In the second part of the vegetation in the plantations of cherry and sweet cherry, an entomo-pathocomplex was identified as "Coccomyces hiemalis Higgins. - Myzus cerasi F.". There is a tendency for joint infection of the sweet cherry leaves (Phyllosticta prunicola (Opiz.) and Stephanitis pyri F. with a circle moth, pear bug, phyllostectosis. The tendency to fix the pathocomplexes in the stone fruit orchards is revealed: "cocomicosis-clasterosporium", "leaf curliness-clasterosporium", and it increases the fungal pathogen activity. In cherry trees, the alternaria develops independently as well as in the composition of fungal complexes, in particular with Clasterosporium carpophilum Aderh. There are Alternaria sp., fungi in the sweet cherry fruits, as Fumago vagans Pers � in the plum- tree, as well as epiphytic fungi of the genus Fusarium. The development of Cl. Carpophilum are on the leaves affected by milky lustre of all stone fruit crops. Because of the excess of two and more times the norm of precipitation is more common on the fruits of the pathogens complex of stimulants of Monilia fructigena Pers. and Botrytis cinerea Pers. The obtained monitoring data allow to determine the strategy for optimization of the phytosanitary condition of stone fruit plantations and to develop the methodological and practical approaches to manage the production process of stone fruit plantations.

Annotation

Since 2014, transformations of mycopathocenoses in the plantations of fruit crops in the South of Russia have been revealed: an acceleration in the epiphytoties of dominant phytopathogens, an increase in the number and prevalence of previously rare species, and the appearance of epiphytoties hotbed caused by their diseases. These data indicate a violation of the phytosanitary stability of apple and plum agrocenoses in the Krasnodar Region. The violation is caused by a change in the basic meteorological parameters of the climate, an increase in the frequency of occurrence of extreme weather conditions. In this regard, the development of parametric models of phytosanitary resistant of fruit crops in agrocenoses is actual field of research. The studies were carried out using the laboratory analysis methods, field experiments, routing examinations, and comparative analysis. As a methodological base, we used the methodological tools for optimizing reproduction processes developed at the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making Laboratory of Economics. As a result of the research carried out, the main trends in the formation of the functional structure of mycopath�complexes of apple and plum plantings in the Krasnodar Territory were revealed. Methodological approaches to the creation of parametric models for ensuring the stability of agrocenoses of apple and plum trees based on adaptive management of the phythosanitary state of these crops orchards have been developed. The system of indicators that determine the functioning of the mycoses pathogen complex is estimated. An algorithm of study the transformations of apple and plum mycopathocenoses under changing environmental conditions has been developed. A system of diagnostic indicators for assessing the phythosanitary stability of fruit agrocenoses and scientifically based the principles for managing apple and plum agrocenoses under conditions of increased abiotic and anthropogenic impacts taken place last time in the Krasnodar Region are proposed.