Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Mishchenko Irina
Articles in journal: (total 17)
Biological features and sumptoms of new pathogens of stone fruit crops in the central zone of Krasnodar region are revealed. The necessity of correction of protect system of stone fruit orchards is pointed.
The results of pilot study of efficiency and parameters of biofungicides application against Clasterosporium carpophilum on cherry and plum in the central zone of Krasnodar region are given in the article.
In the decision of actual tasks to keep the high production level of fruit plants the equally important has the study of popalation's features of causative agents of fungal diseases for optimization of pathosystems regulation. It is noted that the impact of weather stressors in the recent years led to a significant weakness of stone fruit crops and reduce of their protective capacity and it caused the increase of bacterial susceptibility of fruit plants to pests. The phytosanitary monitoring revealed a significant structural and functional changes in the micopatocenosis of stone fruit cultures in the Krasnodar Region under the changed environmental conditions. It is noted the steady tendency of further increase of aggression of dominant pathogens. The appearance of new harmful species and patocomplex are observed. On the varieties of cherry and sweet cherry of all groups of sustainability it is noted the formation of a large number of apothecia of hibernate stage of coccomicose pathogen, significantly exceeding the critical level of harmfulness. Their number on the one leaf of fruit stone plants varies from 2 to 1000. There is the increasing of the aggression of fungus pathogen Monilia cinerea Bon.: its spreading up to 80-90% on the apricot, on cherry up to 40%, on the plum up to 10-15%. The tendency of preservation of early infection of leaves of stone fruit trees of Clasterosporium carpophilum Aderh is established: this is the first decade of April. It is noted the formation of patocomplexes on plant's leaves as more adaptive ways of species existence. In the nursery of Central zone of Krasnodar Region the symptoms of defeat of sweet cherry seedlings by Gloesporium sp. are fixed. The conclusion is made that the study of influence of abiotic and anthropogenic factors of environment on the dynamics of development of diseases of stone fruit cultures will help to develop the new elements of ecological technologies of fruit plantation's protection.
In the article the specified data about the bioecological special features of the agent Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev.) of plum are presented. It is shown, that pathogen under the conditions of the prekuban zone of Krasnodar edge winters in the form of mycelium and conidium in the struck sections of shoots in the cracks and buds. It is established that the length of the incubative period of the fungus of Cl. carpophilum under the optimum conditions continues of 3-4 days, and in depending on temperature it varies in the limits of 3-9 days. In the vegetation of 2014 it is noted the epifitotiya of disease, due to the weather conditions favorable for the pathogen: warm winter; the optimal temperature of air in the period of vegetation; precipitation of anomalous amount of falling in May - June (2-3 standards); the increased relative humidity of air. Monitoring of developing of Grapholitha funebrana Mats. wed, show that the first summer generation of wrecker the most harmful and most numerous into the vegetation of 2014, the duration of the pupation period was on the average to 50 days (since the beginning of April to the end of May). The average number of imago from 36 to 50 individuals to the trap is noted. It is established that the fly of imago of Grapholitha funebrana Mats. had three expressed peaks 28.05; 29.07; 25.08, the break between the generations was from 5 to 10 days. Single individuals of phytophag were noted to the second decade period of September. As a result of conducted research the new knowledge (information resources) about the biological special features of Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev.) and Grapholitha funebrana Mats. in the plum agrocenoses of Krasnodar Region is obtained. These knowledge will make possible you to select the optimal combination of chemical and microbiological preparations for their control.
The data of research that reveal the mechanisms of phytosanitary control of fruit agrocenosis are presented. Research are directed on the decision of problems of biosystem ecologization connected with revealing of stability degree of myco- pato- entomocenosis of fruit orchard and strawberry on exogenous fluctuation reaction (weather factors, entering of pesticides, degree of intensity of gardening technology etc.).