Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article presents the results of studies of bioecological features of the development of pathogens apple powdery mildew �Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm., cherries and sweet cherries coccomycosis � Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx; pests cherry fly � Rhagoletis cerasi L., pear psylla � Psylla pyri L. in changing weather conditions for the development of protection technologies. The research was carried out in different zones of the Krasnodar region in field and laboratory conditions using methodological approaches based on modern methods and techniques for the protection of perennial plantings. The most spread of powdery mildew was on highly susceptibility varieties specifically Idared 7.5 %, Jonagold 2.5 %, Florina 3.7 %; on medium�sentient varieties Geneva Early 6.0 %, Golden Delicious 2.2 %, Reinet Simirenko 4.6 %; on low-sentient varieties Gala 4.2 %, Crimson Crisp 0.7%, Slava peremozhtsam 2.0 %, Prikubanskoe 2.6 %. The period of the beginning of the spread of the primary infection of coccomycosis in optimal weather conditions is before the flowering of cherries and sweet cherries, the period of mass dispersal of ascospores was during flowering. Appearance of the first signs of the disease was in the phase of the beginning of fruit ripening. By the 3rd decade of August, the spread of coccomycosis on highly susceptible cherry varieties was up to 70.0 % with an intensity of 37.0 %. It was revealed that due to warming and the emergence of new frost-resistant varieties, the distribution area of the cherry fly Rhagoletis cerasi L. has expanded. In the growing season of 2022 the first individuals of the phytophagus in the cages were marked on May 19 years and mating at the end of the 3rd decade of May, oviposition was observed from the first decade of June. The maximum number of phytophages is 13 individuals/trap in 3 days, marked on June 6, the first damaged fruits were recorded on June 8. It has been established that two types of psyllas are found in the agrocenoses of pears in the south of Russia: Psylla pyri L. (common pear psylla) and Psylla pyrisuga Frst. (large pear psylla). The most harmful was P. pyri L., the number of phytophages in the last decade exceeds the economic threshold of harmfulness (10 eggs per 10 cm of branch) by 8-12 times. The first ovipositionof the pear psylla was marked on March 30 in the phenophase of the pear resting bud at the sum of the effective temperatures of 40.1 ºC which is 21 days later compared to 2021. Full cycle of development from imago to imago lasts with the accumulation of the sum of effective temperatures of 300 ºC, develops in 6 generations.

Annotation

Under the conditions of Southern gardening, the adaptive potential of 12 introduced varieties (Hibiscus x moscheutos L.): Cranberry Crush, Fantasia, Fireball, Jazzberry Jam, Kopper King, Old Yella, Plam Crasy, Royal Gems, Robert Fleming, Summer Storm, Pepermint Shnaps, Heartthrob was studied. The stability of introduced varieties to the complex of unfavorable summer stress factors (high summer temperatures reaching +37 ºC and above, deficiency of air and soil moisture, dry-water phenomena, increased insolation) is estimated. The most stable varieties are selected: Peppermint Schnapps, Fantasia, Fireball, Jazzberry Jam, Summer Storm � stability at the level of 4-5 points. For varieties Fantasia and Peppermint Schnapps distinctive thick waxy cuticle of the leaf, which causes their increased drought tolerance, is topical. The varieties of Royal Gems, Plum Crazy, Robert Fleming are non-resistant, they worse than others tolerate to dry hot period, their stability is 3 points. These varieties in the summer with drought reduced the flowering period, the flower size, he leaves lose turgor. It is observed the desiccation and shedding of buds for the varieties of Cranberry Crush and Heartthrob. Some plants showed the signs of the disease: Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum hibisci Poll., Fusarium equiseti (�orda) Sacc, Phytophthora sp. On the plants of Kopper King, t he symptoms of defeat of viral origin are noted. On some plants the vermins are observed � Heliothis armigera L, Autographa gamma L., Metcalfa pruinosa Say., Tetranychus sp. The obtained data indicate the need for the development of protective measures in the process of cultivation of Hibiscus x moscheutos L. in the Southern horticulture of Russia.