Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The main experimental material for research was obtained through the phytosanitary monitoring of industrial plantations of the Krasnodar Territory and a collection of genetic strawberry resources in the Maikop Experimental Station of VIR in 2013-2015 on natural infectious background. The object of research were more than 400 strawberry varieties by domestic and foreign breeding. As a result of phytosanitary monitoring of strawberry plantations in the Southern Region, the damage of Asia, Clery, Alba, Roxana, and Honey plants with anthracnose black rot was widely recognized. These varieties for different years, since 2003, were imported from Italy. At present, there are no strains and forms of strawberry immune to anthracnose, but the varieties differ in the degree of resistance to this disease. Moreover, the varieties that are resistant to the some strains of the fungi can be affected by other strains of fungi. Phytosanitary monitoring showed that in 2013, four varieties (Asia, Alba, Roxana, Honey), infected with anthracnose black rot, were planted in the collection of genetic strawberry resources of the Maikop ES of VIR, and 198 out of more than 400 varieties were affected in 2015, which is 50 % of the total. Taking into account the latent form of the disease for several years, presumably now all 100 % of the strawberry strains are infected. As a result of our field assessment of the degree of strawberry defeat by anthracnose black rot, we did not isolate the disease resistant varieties, which could be the initial material, promising for their use in further breeding study.

Annotation

One of the most damaging strawberry diseases are root rots. Expansion of the species composition and increase the number of the most dangero us organisms is marked on the plantations of this culture. The objects of study are the causative agents of strawberry root and basal rots, as well as promising strawberry varieties of in the nursery orchards of EPF "Centralnoe" (Krasnodar). In the Krasnodar Region is marked the damage of strawberry tendrils by fungis of the Phytophthora genus � a new pathogen for our region. The damage of genus Fusarium is marked last years. In 2015 it was found on the berries and in 2016 it was found on the strawberry tendrils and on the root system. As a result of fito monitoring of root rot in the strawberry agricultural cenosis it was selected the most damaged varieties of Cleary, Onda, Syria, Elizabeth. The damage per cent of Phytophthora fungi of all studied samples was 6.3. The harmfulness of Anthracnose � Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds was fixed for all testing varieties and the percentage of damage of this desease is 22.6. The causative agent of root rot � Fusarium spp. was also noted on studied varieties in the experiment, its damage of plants was 76.8 %. Today it is a significant threat for strawberry orchards. We were found that in the strawberry agricultural cenosis the fungi of the genus of Phytophthora spp. and the fungi of Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds become active. Their harmfulness on the strawberry plantations under favorable weather conditions is 60 to 85 %. Phytophtora of strawberry is a new and rather unexplored disease for our region. And it can be assumed that because of climatic changes, the pathogen will be greatest on the harmfulness for strawberry. The fungi of Fusarium spp. genus causing a root rot of strawberry, become very dangerous for nursery strawberry plantation, and it may greatly affect the quality of planting material.

Annotation

Under the conditions of Southern gardening, the adaptive potential of 12 introduced varieties (Hibiscus x moscheutos L.): Cranberry Crush, Fantasia, Fireball, Jazzberry Jam, Kopper King, Old Yella, Plam Crasy, Royal Gems, Robert Fleming, Summer Storm, Pepermint Shnaps, Heartthrob was studied. The stability of introduced varieties to the complex of unfavorable summer stress factors (high summer temperatures reaching +37 ºC and above, deficiency of air and soil moisture, dry-water phenomena, increased insolation) is estimated. The most stable varieties are selected: Peppermint Schnapps, Fantasia, Fireball, Jazzberry Jam, Summer Storm � stability at the level of 4-5 points. For varieties Fantasia and Peppermint Schnapps distinctive thick waxy cuticle of the leaf, which causes their increased drought tolerance, is topical. The varieties of Royal Gems, Plum Crazy, Robert Fleming are non-resistant, they worse than others tolerate to dry hot period, their stability is 3 points. These varieties in the summer with drought reduced the flowering period, the flower size, he leaves lose turgor. It is observed the desiccation and shedding of buds for the varieties of Cranberry Crush and Heartthrob. Some plants showed the signs of the disease: Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum hibisci Poll., Fusarium equiseti (�orda) Sacc, Phytophthora sp. On the plants of Kopper King, t he symptoms of defeat of viral origin are noted. On some plants the vermins are observed � Heliothis armigera L, Autographa gamma L., Metcalfa pruinosa Say., Tetranychus sp. The obtained data indicate the need for the development of protective measures in the process of cultivation of Hibiscus x moscheutos L. in the Southern horticulture of Russia.

Annotation

C. acutatum Simmonds is one of the most common species of the genus Colletotrichum and it causes the diseases commonly known as anthracnose on numerous plant hosts throughout the world. A complex of species of the genus Colletotrichum from the affected tissues of papaya, acute pepper and delphinium, originally described in Australia, is known now as particularly damaging in crops such as strawberry, citrus, apple, olive, cranberry and blueberry. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cultural and morphological features of the C. acutatum fungus, isolated in a pure culture from the affected strawberry berries, selected in the collection of the Maikop Experimental Station VIR. During the research the optimal Nutrient medium for the cultivation of the C. acutatum in a pure culture was selected. The characteristics of fungi development in various nutrient media under the same cultivation conditions is given. It was noted that the composition of the nutrient medium influences the rate of germination and the size of conidia, the development of the mycelium, and the formation of the stroma. The morphological properties of the colonies of the strawberry pathogen isolated from plants have been verified. On the mediums � Chapek's agar, potato agar, host plant � the beginning of conidiogenesis was observed on the second day. On potato-sucrose agar, conidias began to form on the fourth day, on hungry agar � only on the seventh day. The mass formation of conidias on the second day was observed on Chapek`s agar and potato agar. The spore size on potato-glucose agar is 2-3x4-8 microns, on Chapek's agar � 2-4x8-10 microns, on other medias, the spore size is much smaller � 1-2x3-4 microns, 1-3x3-5 microns. When comparing the morphological features of the fungi with the data of world literature, it was revealed that strains of fungi differ in size and shape of conidiophores, as well as in the size of conidia.