Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

This article presents an analytical review of modern world literature sources related to elements of technology for protecting the sapling in nursery farming from diseases and vermins. The data in presented presents on the state of nursery in the Russian Federation and abroad at present, the main problems of nursery development are shown. Analysis of literary sources of 2018-19 confirms the data obtained in previous years shown that in order to grow healthy, quality planting material, it is necessary to observe the complex methods: agrotechnical, biological, phytosanitarian and chemical, which include several stages. The first stage is to determine the state of the soil, the article shows how to clean the soil from pesticides and pathogen residues, to increase in soil microflora, to reduce soil degradation. The second stage is to select the source material, which should be healthy, varietal and adapted to local environmental conditions. The third stage is the study, classification and phytosanitary monitoring of vermins and diseases of sapling. The main diseases of saplings in the nursery are root cancer (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and root rot (Phytophtora cactorum). The main vermins are various types of grub, aphids, ticks, goldfish, leafworms, mice and hares. Phytosanitary monitoring is carried out by a manual or modern automated method, using aerial photographs and drones. The fourth stage � measures to control vermins and diseases: the use of microbiological and chemical pesticides; trapping and disorientation of pests using pheromones; restrain of vermins number by entomophages; weed control using special techniques for weeding row spacing.

Annotation

The assortment of conifers used in landscape construction in the south of Russia has been replenished with new species, forms, and varieties over the past 25-30 years. The expansion of the assortment of coniferous species occurs due to the introduction of plants from other regions with different natural and climatic conditions. Newly planted stands experience stress, which has a negative impact on the immune status of introduced plants. These cultivars are most often affected by fungal diseases and are damaged by numerous phytophages of native origin. The aim of the research was to establish the species composition of sugescent pests of coniferous plants in the urban landscapes of the Krasnodar region. World experience in the study of urban landscapes shows the expansion of the species composition of pests from the Homoptera order. Based on the results of the studies, the species diversity of sugescent pests of coniferous plants in the Krasnodar region was revealed, they were ranked according to the type of dietary, and a database is being formed. It has been established that the dominant representatives of the superfamily Coccidae in the Krasnodar region are: European juniper scale insect (Carulaspis juniperi Bouché) and yew pseudo scale insect (Parthenolecanium pomeranicum Kawecki), pine spindle scale insect (Anamaspis lowi Colvée). The patterns of nutritional adaptation have not only theoretical but also practical significance. It is possible to predict the probable composition of pests on a newly introduced crop based on the obtained data. At the same time, the obtained regularities are one of the theoretical foundations of protective measures for pest control.

Annotation

This article provides an analytical review of modern world literature sources aimed at the development of green schemes for protecting pears from the main pear pest, the Psylla pyri L. (Cacopsylla pyricola) (Homoptera: Psyllidae). On the basis of world experience, it has been established that in a warm climate, pear psylla can produce up to 5 generations per year. The timing of treatments with preparations against pear psylla is of great importance, since the recommended insecticides are effective only at certain stages of the pest. The preparations used in the control of the numbers of Psylla pyri L. in pear plantations in various countries of the world are presented. The effectiveness of Insegar, VDG (250 g/kg fenoxycarb), kaolin, erythritol and microbiological preparations based on Metarhizium brunneum (strain F52 containing 5.5 × 109 conidia ml-1 ) and Beauveria bassiana (titre not less than 2x109 CFU/g) against phytophage, as well as data of the application of introduced entomophages Anthocoris nemoralis (F.) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), the release of which led to a decrease in the numbers of Cacopsylla pyricola by 31-40 % is presented. The obtained data shows that the eggs laid by females treated in September with phenoxycarb had a high percentage of sterile ones. The applications of kaolin in February and March resulted in almost 100 % reduction in the number of pear psylla eggs. Weekly treatments with 20 % erythritol solution caused 80-85 % death of Psylla pyri. Treatment with a preparation based on Metarhizium brunneum reduced the number of psylla eggs and young nymphs (first and second instars), leading to 88% mortality of the phytophage. The obtained data shows that the application of all these control methods can significantly reduce the numbers of the pest Psylla pyri in pear cenoses.

Annotation

The article presents the results of studies of bioecological features of the development of pathogens apple powdery mildew �Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm., cherries and sweet cherries coccomycosis � Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx; pests cherry fly � Rhagoletis cerasi L., pear psylla � Psylla pyri L. in changing weather conditions for the development of protection technologies. The research was carried out in different zones of the Krasnodar region in field and laboratory conditions using methodological approaches based on modern methods and techniques for the protection of perennial plantings. The most spread of powdery mildew was on highly susceptibility varieties specifically Idared 7.5 %, Jonagold 2.5 %, Florina 3.7 %; on medium�sentient varieties Geneva Early 6.0 %, Golden Delicious 2.2 %, Reinet Simirenko 4.6 %; on low-sentient varieties Gala 4.2 %, Crimson Crisp 0.7%, Slava peremozhtsam 2.0 %, Prikubanskoe 2.6 %. The period of the beginning of the spread of the primary infection of coccomycosis in optimal weather conditions is before the flowering of cherries and sweet cherries, the period of mass dispersal of ascospores was during flowering. Appearance of the first signs of the disease was in the phase of the beginning of fruit ripening. By the 3rd decade of August, the spread of coccomycosis on highly susceptible cherry varieties was up to 70.0 % with an intensity of 37.0 %. It was revealed that due to warming and the emergence of new frost-resistant varieties, the distribution area of the cherry fly Rhagoletis cerasi L. has expanded. In the growing season of 2022 the first individuals of the phytophagus in the cages were marked on May 19 years and mating at the end of the 3rd decade of May, oviposition was observed from the first decade of June. The maximum number of phytophages is 13 individuals/trap in 3 days, marked on June 6, the first damaged fruits were recorded on June 8. It has been established that two types of psyllas are found in the agrocenoses of pears in the south of Russia: Psylla pyri L. (common pear psylla) and Psylla pyrisuga Frst. (large pear psylla). The most harmful was P. pyri L., the number of phytophages in the last decade exceeds the economic threshold of harmfulness (10 eggs per 10 cm of branch) by 8-12 times. The first ovipositionof the pear psylla was marked on March 30 in the phenophase of the pear resting bud at the sum of the effective temperatures of 40.1 ºC which is 21 days later compared to 2021. Full cycle of development from imago to imago lasts with the accumulation of the sum of effective temperatures of 300 ºC, develops in 6 generations.

Annotation

Pear psylla Psylla pyri L. it is one of the main pests of pears worldwide. Decisions on the timing of preventive treatments and the choice of plant protection products used are made on the basis of regular monitoring of the stages of phytophagan development and taking into account the specifics of the action of insecticides on a particular stage of pest development. The article analyzes the range of insecticides allowed on pear against pear psylla, which is represented by preparations from 8 chemical classes. To reduce the resistance of pear psylla to the used pesticides, it is necessary to expand the range of broad-spectrum insecticides against this phytophagan. In this study, insecticides with larvicidal action, such as Voliam Flexi, SC, Lirum, SC, Lufox, EC, were tested in laboratory conditions. The characteristics of the used pesticides are given and the mechanisms of their action are described.Samples of annual pear growth were selected in the Prikuban zone of the Zakuban horticulture subzone of the Krasnodar region, Ust-Labinsk district. As a result of the study, it was found that the following pesticides have the best biological efficacy against nymphs (first-third age) of pear psylla: Voliam Flexi, SC with a consumption rate of 0.5 l/ha and Lirum, SC 1.5 l/ha. On the seventh day, they showed a maximum biological efficacy of 100 %, which was at the level of the standard preparation Movento Energy, SC. In this experiment, Lufox, SC had low efficacy, due to the fact that the drug has a longer mechanism of action, it takes 10-12 days for a good effect. We recommend using the data obtained in the case of registration of tested preparations for the control of pear psylla.