Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article presents the results of studies of bioecological features of the development of pathogens apple powdery mildew �Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm., cherries and sweet cherries coccomycosis � Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx; pests cherry fly � Rhagoletis cerasi L., pear psylla � Psylla pyri L. in changing weather conditions for the development of protection technologies. The research was carried out in different zones of the Krasnodar region in field and laboratory conditions using methodological approaches based on modern methods and techniques for the protection of perennial plantings. The most spread of powdery mildew was on highly susceptibility varieties specifically Idared 7.5 %, Jonagold 2.5 %, Florina 3.7 %; on medium�sentient varieties Geneva Early 6.0 %, Golden Delicious 2.2 %, Reinet Simirenko 4.6 %; on low-sentient varieties Gala 4.2 %, Crimson Crisp 0.7%, Slava peremozhtsam 2.0 %, Prikubanskoe 2.6 %. The period of the beginning of the spread of the primary infection of coccomycosis in optimal weather conditions is before the flowering of cherries and sweet cherries, the period of mass dispersal of ascospores was during flowering. Appearance of the first signs of the disease was in the phase of the beginning of fruit ripening. By the 3rd decade of August, the spread of coccomycosis on highly susceptible cherry varieties was up to 70.0 % with an intensity of 37.0 %. It was revealed that due to warming and the emergence of new frost-resistant varieties, the distribution area of the cherry fly Rhagoletis cerasi L. has expanded. In the growing season of 2022 the first individuals of the phytophagus in the cages were marked on May 19 years and mating at the end of the 3rd decade of May, oviposition was observed from the first decade of June. The maximum number of phytophages is 13 individuals/trap in 3 days, marked on June 6, the first damaged fruits were recorded on June 8. It has been established that two types of psyllas are found in the agrocenoses of pears in the south of Russia: Psylla pyri L. (common pear psylla) and Psylla pyrisuga Frst. (large pear psylla). The most harmful was P. pyri L., the number of phytophages in the last decade exceeds the economic threshold of harmfulness (10 eggs per 10 cm of branch) by 8-12 times. The first ovipositionof the pear psylla was marked on March 30 in the phenophase of the pear resting bud at the sum of the effective temperatures of 40.1 ºC which is 21 days later compared to 2021. Full cycle of development from imago to imago lasts with the accumulation of the sum of effective temperatures of 300 ºC, develops in 6 generations.

Annotation

Since 2013, in the Krasnodar Territory, fungi of the Fusarium Link genus have been the causative agents of rotting the apple fruits core, in 2019, 7 species of this genus have been identified as part of the pathocomplex. In order to effectively control the disease, in the pathogenesis of which a large number of species are involved, in vitro studies are required. It is necessary to achieve fast and guaranteed growth of each of the fungies. Significant variability of morphological and cultural characteristics of Fusaria is known during their cultivation under the influence of the composition of growing medium. In this regard, the selection for Fusarium fungi-pathogens of rot of the apple fruits core optimal for the cultivation of growing medium is actual. The studies were carried out by laboratorian and comparative analysis methods. We studied the growth of three pathogens of rotting the apple tree fruits core of the Fusarium Link genus in 10 growing medium. The radial colony growth rate and morphological and cultural characters were evaluated. As a result of studies in species F. semitectum (Mart.) Sacc., F. sporotrichioides Sherb. and F. solani (Mart.) Sacc. was found that not only the growth rate of the colonies was varied, but also their cultural characteristics depending on the growing medium. To cultivate the studied pathogenic fungi, carrot and tomato agar were isolated in the our experiments as universal medium on which the colony growth was most intense. Additionally, the growing medium were proposed for each species: for F. solani � Murashige and Skoog medium; for F. semitectum � medium Murashige and Skoog and wort agar; for F. sporotrichioides � Nirenberg medium, potatoes-glucosal agar and wort-agar.