Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Mishchenko Irina
Articles in journal: (total 17)
The modern protection of plants develops on the way of integration of various methods and means into uniform system for the purpose of fuller management of injuriousness of wreckers and diseases of fruit crops. In this regard the application of means of plants protection in such systems has to promote the considerable decrease in pesticidal load of the protected cultures with increase in efficiency of plantings. The article presents the results of tests conducted on the application of low-toxic drugs in the system of protection of plums and cherries from the dominant harmful objects that include the new and promising chemical and microbiological preparations, providing reduction of the negative impact of pesticides on the garden biocenosis. It is established that the application of the Cupid SP, and the Kurzat P, SP in the system of plum protection didn't oppress the processed trees, and biological efficiency of new low-toxic chemical fungicides has made 95-97%. At moderate spreading of clasterosporium (25-38%) the biological efficiency of a baksis has made 86-93%, a baktofit - 85-92%, a trihodermin - 82-87%. The efficiency of insecticides against a plum caterpillars has made 97,8-99,9%. The assessment of effect of biologically active agents and biological preparation has shown their high biological efficiency and has confirmed the existence of selective action of preparations. Also on their back-ground the natural complex of entomophages substantially remains. As a result, of research the rules have been developed on the basis of the application of low-toxic chemical and biological drugs to fight against Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev) Aderh.) and Grapholitha funebrana Mats. on plam, meeting the modern requirements.
Results of experimental researches for defi-nition of biological efficiency of chemical and microbiological preparations on plum (Kabardinskaya rannyaya) against clastero-sporium carpophilum allowing for the de-velopment of a common pathogenic process are presented and the most effective ele-ments of protection systems against the pathogenic process are specified.
The results of study of the developmental features of the causative agents of monili Monilia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhland) Honey (syn. Monilia cinerea Bonord.) nd Monilia fructigena (Pers.) Pers. on the plum-tree in the Krasnodar Region are presented. The work was carried out on the plum variety of Kabardinskaya rannyaya according to generally accepted and adapted methods. The aim of the work was to identify the bioecological features of the development of monilia pathogens, in changing weather conditions, to optimize the protection technology. The main method of overwintering the causative agents of monili in the region is the mycelium located on the affected tree organs and mummified fruits. A number of features of the causative agents of monili on the plum-tree were identified in connection with the change in weather conditions: the temperature at which the primary infection with the pathogen M. laxa + 3.0...8.0 ºC is noted; the duration of the incubation period for M. laxa is 2 - 3 days at an optimum temperature of +22 to + 26 ºC and an air humidity of 70 to 95 %. For fruit rot 3-5 days; the period from infection to the appearance of sporulation is 8-10 days at temperature of + 24- + 28 ºC. The regularity of the expansion of the temperature range during the growing season is established: M. laxa from +10 to + 30 ºC, for M. fructigena up to + 38 ºC. For the first time, the simultaneous presence of two types of monili M. laxa and M. fructigena on the affected plum fruits was noted, which indicates an increase in the aggressiveness of the pathogen. The research results will make it possible to determine a strategy for optimizing the phytosanitary state of plum plantations and to develop protection against monili. For effective control of the disease, it is necessary to carry out the treatments at the beginning of plum blossoming, as well as in the first week of the manifestation of infection on the fruits.
The article presents the results of the preparations testing of copper (Abiga-Pik, Kuproksat) and triazoles (Skor, Fardi) against the main plum fungal infections in the Central zone of Krasnodar Region in 2015-2017. The epiphytotic development of Clasterosporium carpophilum Aderh on the experimental plot is noted. There was a tendency of leaves early infection (the first decade of April), and the spreading of the disease in the initial period was characterized by a high rate of infection. Monilia cinerea Bonord. was observed in the third decade of April after plum blossoming, by mid-June the disease spreading was 8-10 % (only in the control). Monilia fructigena Honey. was observed in mid-may, by mid-June, from 15 to 20 % of fruits on the control trees were affected and during harvesting (on late July) up to 45 %. The main predictors of the spores onset of the disease pathogen were the amount of precipitations on April and air humidity after going the average daily temperature over + 10-12 ˚C. The appearance of powdery mildew on the control trees was noted in the first decade of June from 3 up to 7 % on annual shoots. Biological efficacy of Abiga-Pik, VS on day 7 after the two treatments was 90-92 %, Kuproksat, KS 96-98 %, on 14th day 89-90 % and 95-96 %, respectively. Treatment with triazoles was carried out after plum flowering, in the period of high speed of spreading of shot-hole disease. On 7 day the biological effectiveness of Skor was 85-87 %, Fardi 89-90 %; on 14th day 80-82 % and 82-84 %, respectively.
The results of experimental research of definition of biological effectiveness of perspective chemical, microbiological preparations and biologically active substances on cherry against main harmful objects are presented. The most effective elements of protection systems against harmful cherries are specified