Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the article the specified data about the bioecological special features of the agent Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev.) of plum are presented. It is shown, that pathogen under the conditions of the prekuban zone of Krasnodar edge winters in the form of mycelium and conidium in the struck sections of shoots in the cracks and buds. It is established that the length of the incubative period of the fungus of Cl. carpophilum under the optimum conditions continues of 3-4 days, and in depending on temperature it varies in the limits of 3-9 days. In the vegetation of 2014 it is noted the epifitotiya of disease, due to the weather conditions favorable for the pathogen: warm winter; the optimal temperature of air in the period of vegetation; precipitation of anomalous amount of falling in May - June (2-3 standards); the increased relative humidity of air. Monitoring of developing of Grapholitha funebrana Mats. wed, show that the first summer generation of wrecker the most harmful and most numerous into the vegetation of 2014, the duration of the pupation period was on the average to 50 days (since the beginning of April to the end of May). The average number of imago from 36 to 50 individuals to the trap is noted. It is established that the fly of imago of Grapholitha funebrana Mats. had three expressed peaks 28.05; 29.07; 25.08, the break between the generations was from 5 to 10 days. Single individuals of phytophag were noted to the second decade period of September. As a result of conducted research the new knowledge (information resources) about the biological special features of Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev.) and Grapholitha funebrana Mats. in the plum agrocenoses of Krasnodar Region is obtained. These knowledge will make possible you to select the optimal combination of chemical and microbiological preparations for their control.

Annotation

The data of research that reveal the mechanisms of phytosanitary control of fruit agrocenosis are presented. Research are directed on the decision of problems of biosystem ecologization connected with revealing of stability degree of myco- pato- entomocenosis of fruit orchard and strawberry on exogenous fluctuation reaction (weather factors, entering of pesticides, degree of intensity of gardening technology etc.).

Annotation

Regular phytosanitary monitoring of perennial plantations in the Western Ciscaucasian region reveals the significant functional and structural changes in the entomoxilophilic complexes under the influence of changing environmental conditions. It is established that the main regularities of these transformations are the widening of the species diversity of harmful xylobionts, the growth of the number of populations of individual species and, as a consequence, the increase in their harmfulness. Study of the species composition of xylobionts were carried out in agroecological stationary experiments and route observations of perennial fruit plantations in the areas of their industrial cultivation. For taking of biomaterial in a field study the well known methods were used. The main most informative method was examination of weak and drying trees, taking of biological samples of damaged wood parts of trees and their further laboratory research. The main reasons causing the changes in the formation of entomoxylophilic complexes of fruit agrocenoses in the Krasnodar Territory are discussed in the article. It is established that the main regularities of these transformations are the expansion of the species diversity of xylophagous vermins, the growth of the number of populations of individual species and, as a consequence, the increase in their harmfulness. As a result of study, the species composition, bioecological features and dynamics of the distribution of major xylophages have been refined. The regular monitoring, one time in decade, of the phytosanitary state of fruit crops in the region made possible note the following: a change in the species composition of the entomocenosis, an increase in the harmfulness of xylophilous vermins as a result of trees weakness of due to weather and climate factors (low winter air temperatures, recurrent frosts, "ice" rains, long drought, etc.) and anthropogenic stressors (uncontrolled application of chemical protection preparations). The analysis of the obtained allowed us to divide the entomoxylophilic complex of stone fruit agrocenoses on the groups, that damaging the perennial wood and the group that damaging the vegetative part of the plants.

Annotation

The modern protection of plants develops on the way of integration of various methods and means into uniform system for the purpose of fuller management of injuriousness of wreckers and diseases of fruit crops. In this regard the application of means of plants protection in such systems has to promote the considerable decrease in pesticidal load of the protected cultures with increase in efficiency of plantings. The article presents the results of tests conducted on the application of low-toxic drugs in the system of protection of plums and cherries from the dominant harmful objects that include the new and promising chemical and microbiological preparations, providing reduction of the negative impact of pesticides on the garden biocenosis. It is established that the application of the Cupid SP, and the Kurzat P, SP in the system of plum protection didn't oppress the processed trees, and biological efficiency of new low-toxic chemical fungicides has made 95-97%. At moderate spreading of clasterosporium (25-38%) the biological efficiency of a baksis has made 86-93%, a baktofit - 85-92%, a trihodermin - 82-87%. The efficiency of insecticides against a plum caterpillars has made 97,8-99,9%. The assessment of effect of biologically active agents and biological preparation has shown their high biological efficiency and has confirmed the existence of selective action of preparations. Also on their back-ground the natural complex of entomophages substantially remains. As a result, of research the rules have been developed on the basis of the application of low-toxic chemical and biological drugs to fight against Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev) Aderh.) and Grapholitha funebrana Mats. on plam, meeting the modern requirements.

Annotation

The assortment of conifers used in landscape construction in the south of Russia has been replenished with new species, forms, and varieties over the past 25-30 years. The expansion of the assortment of coniferous species occurs due to the introduction of plants from other regions with different natural and climatic conditions. Newly planted stands experience stress, which has a negative impact on the immune status of introduced plants. These cultivars are most often affected by fungal diseases and are damaged by numerous phytophages of native origin. The aim of the research was to establish the species composition of sugescent pests of coniferous plants in the urban landscapes of the Krasnodar region. World experience in the study of urban landscapes shows the expansion of the species composition of pests from the Homoptera order. Based on the results of the studies, the species diversity of sugescent pests of coniferous plants in the Krasnodar region was revealed, they were ranked according to the type of dietary, and a database is being formed. It has been established that the dominant representatives of the superfamily Coccidae in the Krasnodar region are: European juniper scale insect (Carulaspis juniperi Bouché) and yew pseudo scale insect (Parthenolecanium pomeranicum Kawecki), pine spindle scale insect (Anamaspis lowi Colvée). The patterns of nutritional adaptation have not only theoretical but also practical significance. It is possible to predict the probable composition of pests on a newly introduced crop based on the obtained data. At the same time, the obtained regularities are one of the theoretical foundations of protective measures for pest control.