Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

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Results of experimental researches by definition of biological efficiency of chemical, microbiological preparations and biologically active substances on plum against plum moth (Laspeyresia funebrana) and the ordinary web-mite are presented. Preliminary parameters of low-risk preparations in the integrated protection systems of plum are established.

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At present, the influence of invasive species has increased significantly in the cenoses of fruit and ornamental plants. Harmful coccids (scale insects) easily invade with seedlings and cuttings of fruit and ornamental crops imported into our country. Once in a new region, they quickly master due to their high fertility and good protection from the effects of adverse external conditions. In recent decades, the rates of the invasion process have accelerated everywhere; over the previous 80 years, about 100 foreign species of herbivorous insects settled on the territory of the former USSR, a significant part of them are classified as harmful and quarantine species, of which 57 species have clear signs of harmfulness. Every year, new species of phytophages are identified, which lead to the death of host plants and destabilization of the phytosanitary situation in artificial and natural ecosystems. Therefore, at present, it is relevant to study the features of the invasive process of pests of fruit and ornamental crops in order to develop protective measures against new pests. Monitoring of perennial plantings of ornamental and fruit crops in the Kuban zone of the central subzone of Krasnodar region revealed damage by tortoise scales: Chinese wax scale (Ceroplastes sinensis Guer) and Florida wax scale (Ceroplastes floridensis Comst). This region can become a potential habitat for the development and distribution of the above species of phytophages, since the territory has the presence of suitable climatic and ecological conditions under which these pests can settle and develop. When assessing the potential for invasiveness of new species of coccids, in connection with their adaptation in the Krasnodar region, the facts of stepwise adaptation in different types of cenoses should be considered. Solving the problem of preventing biological invasions is one of the most important tasks of these studies, and in this regard, the development of a set of preventive measures is relevant.

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The results of experimental research of definition of biological effectiveness of perspective chemical, microbiological preparations and biologically active substances on cherry against main harmful objects are presented. The most effective elements of protection systems against harmful cherries are specified

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The article presents the results of studies of bioecological features of the development of pathogens apple powdery mildew �Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm., cherries and sweet cherries coccomycosis � Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx; pests cherry fly � Rhagoletis cerasi L., pear psylla � Psylla pyri L. in changing weather conditions for the development of protection technologies. The research was carried out in different zones of the Krasnodar region in field and laboratory conditions using methodological approaches based on modern methods and techniques for the protection of perennial plantings. The most spread of powdery mildew was on highly susceptibility varieties specifically Idared 7.5 %, Jonagold 2.5 %, Florina 3.7 %; on medium�sentient varieties Geneva Early 6.0 %, Golden Delicious 2.2 %, Reinet Simirenko 4.6 %; on low-sentient varieties Gala 4.2 %, Crimson Crisp 0.7%, Slava peremozhtsam 2.0 %, Prikubanskoe 2.6 %. The period of the beginning of the spread of the primary infection of coccomycosis in optimal weather conditions is before the flowering of cherries and sweet cherries, the period of mass dispersal of ascospores was during flowering. Appearance of the first signs of the disease was in the phase of the beginning of fruit ripening. By the 3rd decade of August, the spread of coccomycosis on highly susceptible cherry varieties was up to 70.0 % with an intensity of 37.0 %. It was revealed that due to warming and the emergence of new frost-resistant varieties, the distribution area of the cherry fly Rhagoletis cerasi L. has expanded. In the growing season of 2022 the first individuals of the phytophagus in the cages were marked on May 19 years and mating at the end of the 3rd decade of May, oviposition was observed from the first decade of June. The maximum number of phytophages is 13 individuals/trap in 3 days, marked on June 6, the first damaged fruits were recorded on June 8. It has been established that two types of psyllas are found in the agrocenoses of pears in the south of Russia: Psylla pyri L. (common pear psylla) and Psylla pyrisuga Frst. (large pear psylla). The most harmful was P. pyri L., the number of phytophages in the last decade exceeds the economic threshold of harmfulness (10 eggs per 10 cm of branch) by 8-12 times. The first ovipositionof the pear psylla was marked on March 30 in the phenophase of the pear resting bud at the sum of the effective temperatures of 40.1 ºC which is 21 days later compared to 2021. Full cycle of development from imago to imago lasts with the accumulation of the sum of effective temperatures of 300 ºC, develops in 6 generations.

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The article substantiates the need to develop a technology to increase the resistance of fruit crops to harmful objects in the conditions of climate change. An assessment of the impact of climate change on the stability of fruit agrocenoses is given: changes in temperature regime and water availability, as well as increased chemical and technological pressure on agrocenoses have become the main factors in the increase in the harmfulness of phytophages; the main manifestations are expressed in the adaptation of phytophages to changes in abiotic factors, changes in the life cycle of dominant pests and a decrease in their sensitivity to insecticides, the appearance of more resistant strains of phytopathogens, changes in the species composition of harmful insects and ticks. Experimental data on the formation of the functional structure and types of response of phytophages to anthropogenic impacts in intensive apple plantations in changing weather conditions of the environment are analyzed. A comprehensive analysis of permitted insecticides for the control of apple moth in the growing season of 2022 was carried out. A system of ecological and economic indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of regulations for the effective use of biological and biorational agents of controlling harmful species in apple plantations is proposed, including the following indicators: background content of pesticides in trophic bonds, the number and species diversity of entomophages, the time of the last treatment (days before harvest), LD50 content, the level of realization of the productive potential of plantations, preservation of the biologically set yield of the current growing season, costs for the purchase of plant protection products, structural indicators-resource security and balance of production processes and the restoration of resource potential, the level of profitability sufficient for the implementation of current production activities.