Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The content of cobalt in the soils of Tersk sands is studied and its influence at mineral nutrition of Kristall grapes is established. Water solution of cobalt at concentrations 1 kg/ga of active beginning together with fertilizers N90, P90, K90 recommended to apply in sands on depth 30 cm to increase productivity, accelerate the recovery root and above-ground systems of plants damaged by frost and the strengthening of development of fruit-bearing shoots.

Annotation

The materials and results of use of new complex foreign fertilizer Greene Go 8-16-24+10CaO, not investigated early, for action on grapes plants are presented. The study of this matter is necessary for identification of new opportunities of control of saplings survival on a plantation and productivity of plants. With application of fertilizers it is possible to increase considerably the productivity and terms of operation of the plantings infected with a phylloxera. The purpose of research is to develop the ways of improvement of nutrition conditions in the process of laying of vineyards and their cultivation on chestnut soils in the Naursky District of the Chechen Republic. In an experience the grapes saplings of Rkatseteli which have the increased resistance to a root form of a phylloxera are used. The fertilizer of Greene Go was introduced in the doses from 10 to 30 kg/hectare. The highest survival of grapes saplings has been received in case of introduction of fertilizer in a dose of 15 kg/hectare - on average in three years of 98,6% or higher on 13,1%, than in control and 7,6% above N15P12K12 option. In case of reduction or increasing in a dose of fertilizer the effect considerably decreased. The entering into the soil of Greene Go in the dose of 15 kg/hectare has allowed to increase in intensity of development of grapes plants and their quality. The improvement of the nutritious mode of the soil has affected the productivity of grapes plantings, and for the fourth year of plant vegetation the productivity at the using of fertilizer (15 kg/hectare) was 72,01 c/hectare or above, than without application of fertilizers, on 18,67 c/hectare. We came to the conclusion that on chestnut soils to apply the fertilizer Greene Go 8-16-24+10CaO in a dose of 15 kg d.v./ hectare is the most effectively.

Annotation

Grape plants are damaged by numerous vermins, viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. They often suffer from adverse soil and weather conditions. The annual loss of the grape harvest is about 30 %, and in case of untimely or poor-quality protective measures, the loss reach more than 50 %. Grape diseases are divided into infectious and noninfectious. Of infectious diseases, the most harmful are mildew, oidium, anthracnose, gray and white rot. The main way to combat the infectious plant diseases is traditionally use of chemicals. The use of fungicides, insecticides and similar artificial preparations is a deterioration of the environmental situation, a violation of the natural balance, and an increase in content of harmful substances in the production of grape seedlings. The experiments are carried out and as a result of which we can conclude that the use of some temperature regimes and saturation of vaccinations with macro- and microfertilizers can be successfully used to combat conidia of gray rot. These results of studies prove the effectiveness of the combined use of Albit in a concentration of 0,2 % at a temperature of 45-50 ºC for 10 minutes. This exposure allows you to free the grape plants from gray rot. The yield of affected seedlings is 0,2 %, while in the control when treated with quinosol, the number of seedlings with visible gray rot lesions was 28 %. To find a way to get rid of the gray rot of grape grafts during stratification under the conditions of stressful high temperatures, while saturating them with macro- and microelements is an actual task of this area of research.

Annotation

In the process of scientific research, a new experimental installation for accelerating reproduction of grapes and other crops was developed. In this installation the stratification, cultivation, thermotherapy is carried out in a single technological cycle. In addition, in the process of cultivation the grafts and seedlings saturates with essential nutrients. This article presents the results of studies on the saturation of the grape grafts in macro- and microelements at different temperatures and different time. The highest yield of healthy sapling (80,6 %) was obtained when treated for 10 minutes with steam at t � 45-50 º�. Because of the use of complex Albite preparation the best callus formation, the most intensive growth of shoots, a large area of leaf surface and best plant survival on the plantation were noted. Albite contains the active substance poly-and beta-hydroxybutyric acid from soil bacterias of Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas aureofaciens. Under the natural conditions, these bacterias live on the roots of plants and stimulate their growth, protect against diseases and adverse environmental conditions. The preparation also includes a substance that enhances the effect of the main active ingredient, a balanced set of macro-and microelements and terpenic acids of pine-needles extract. Albite does not contain alive microorganisms, which makes the action of the drug more stable and less affected by environmental conditions. The saturation of grafts with macro- and microfertilizers with the help of the created experimental installation will help to improve the quality, yield of saplings and yield capacity of grape plantations without the use of pesticides in the process of sapling cultivation.

Annotation

Viticulture is promising in the areas of the North Caucasus Region, however, the assortment of zones does not always meet to modern requirements: environmental friendliness, low energy intensity of production combined with high quality of crop. Currently, the variety in viticulture has become one of the main means in solving the problem of increasing and stabilizing the productivity of plantations. In this regard, the selection of grapes for resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental conditions, along with high productivity and quality are especially relevant. Increasing in seed germination is a direction in breeding that requires special attention. The breeding process takes a long time, which is unacceptable in conditions of intensification of agricultural production. Due to the peculiarities of grape ontogenesis and low seed germination, the transfer of seedlings for competitive variety testing is possible no earlier than 8-10 years after sowing seeds. In our work, a simple and effective way to increase in the yield of seedlings by pre-stratification soaking is defined. In the experiment, the various concentrations of gibberellic acid were used. The minimum concentration of gibberellic acid of 0,01 % ensured an almost 100 % yield of seedlings. An increase in acid concentration up to 0,04 % stimulated the seedlings yield in comparison with the control variant, however, an excessive increase in concentration has an inhibitory effect. The composition of the substrate for sowing hybrid grape seeds in flowerpots was developed and tested, which provides high growth and development of plants in the 1 and 2 years of life. In general, the soaking of seeds and the correct selection of the substrate composition described in this work can reduce the breeding process by 3-4 years and allow us to transfer the seedlings earlier to the State variety testing.