Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Grape plants are damaged by numerous vermins, viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. They often suffer from adverse soil and weather conditions. The annual loss of the grape harvest is about 30 %, and in case of untimely or poor-quality protective measures, the loss reach more than 50 %. Grape diseases are divided into infectious and noninfectious. Of infectious diseases, the most harmful are mildew, oidium, anthracnose, gray and white rot. The main way to combat the infectious plant diseases is traditionally use of chemicals. The use of fungicides, insecticides and similar artificial preparations is a deterioration of the environmental situation, a violation of the natural balance, and an increase in content of harmful substances in the production of grape seedlings. The experiments are carried out and as a result of which we can conclude that the use of some temperature regimes and saturation of vaccinations with macro- and microfertilizers can be successfully used to combat conidia of gray rot. These results of studies prove the effectiveness of the combined use of Albit in a concentration of 0,2 % at a temperature of 45-50 ºC for 10 minutes. This exposure allows you to free the grape plants from gray rot. The yield of affected seedlings is 0,2 %, while in the control when treated with quinosol, the number of seedlings with visible gray rot lesions was 28 %. To find a way to get rid of the gray rot of grape grafts during stratification under the conditions of stressful high temperatures, while saturating them with macro- and microelements is an actual task of this area of research.

Annotation

Viticulture is promising in the areas of the North Caucasus Region, however, the assortment of zones does not always meet to modern requirements: environmental friendliness, low energy intensity of production combined with high quality of crop. Currently, the variety in viticulture has become one of the main means in solving the problem of increasing and stabilizing the productivity of plantations. In this regard, the selection of grapes for resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental conditions, along with high productivity and quality are especially relevant. Increasing in seed germination is a direction in breeding that requires special attention. The breeding process takes a long time, which is unacceptable in conditions of intensification of agricultural production. Due to the peculiarities of grape ontogenesis and low seed germination, the transfer of seedlings for competitive variety testing is possible no earlier than 8-10 years after sowing seeds. In our work, a simple and effective way to increase in the yield of seedlings by pre-stratification soaking is defined. In the experiment, the various concentrations of gibberellic acid were used. The minimum concentration of gibberellic acid of 0,01 % ensured an almost 100 % yield of seedlings. An increase in acid concentration up to 0,04 % stimulated the seedlings yield in comparison with the control variant, however, an excessive increase in concentration has an inhibitory effect. The composition of the substrate for sowing hybrid grape seeds in flowerpots was developed and tested, which provides high growth and development of plants in the 1 and 2 years of life. In general, the soaking of seeds and the correct selection of the substrate composition described in this work can reduce the breeding process by 3-4 years and allow us to transfer the seedlings earlier to the State variety testing.