Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article presents the priority directions of breeding of seed's fruit crops for gardening of South Ural: the winter hardiness, drought resistance, productivity, low growing and quality of fruits. It is noted that in the practical breeding the introduction in production of new varieties of domestic and foreign breeding is important. The gene pool of seed's fruit crops in the collection of the Orenburg experimental station of gardening and wine growing is presented by 379 variety samples: apple-trees - 161; pear-trees - 77; clonal apple-tree rootstocks - 146. It is shown that the use of this genetic fund gives the great opportunities for creation and allocation of new varieties and formation of steady assortment meeting the requirements of modern gardening. By the results of scientific research 13 varieties of seed's fruit crops included in the State register of breeding achievements. 4 varieties of the Orenburg experimental station breeding are transferred to the State variety study. On the basis of studying of genetic collection of an apple-tree, a pear-tree, apple-tree clonal rootstocks and allocation of donors and sources of valuable signs a number of the varieties and perspective hybrids are created with adaptability, productivity and high quality of fruits for further improvement of the existing assortment of seed's fruit crops. The further priority directions of breeding work on seed's fruit crops under the conditions of the changing climate are defined: the resistance to biotic and abiotic factors of the environment of cultivation, productivity, fast fructification he solution of objectives is possible by involvement in the crossings of donors and sources of the valuable signs of both domestic and foreign breeding, allocated as a result of variety study and detection of regularities of inheritance of important signs.

Annotation

In the article the data on long-term breeding work with vinegrapes carried out in FSBRI "Orenburg ESH&V ARSTIH&N" are presented. Climatic conditions of the Pre-Ural steppe allow us to grow up the grapes of different varieties with high consumer properties and they are unique for a variety's study and grapes breeding. The primary study of a collection of grapes varieties of various ecological-geographical origin during the long period (more than 50 years) has shown that not all introduced varieties can realize completely the biological potential. It has been confirmed the need carrying out of breeding work for creation of the local varieties adapted to conditions of cultivation. An object of research is an ampelographic grapes collection of the Orenburg Experimental Station of Horticulture and Viticulture. Research were carried out by the standard techniques in wine growing. The thorough study of a genetic collection's forms is a basis for the breeding work that allows you to intensify the creation of adaptive and highly productive varieties. Special attention in a breeding process is spared to indicators of fruits quality and productivity. From a collection of the introduced variety and forms of grapes on a complex of productivite and its components, marketability and biochemical composition under the conditions of the Pre-Urals steppe the varieties of Osoby, Belorozovy, Augustine, Ranniy Magaracha, Tsimlodar, Agathe Donskoy, Kodryanka, Pamyat Dombkovskoy, Alyoshenkin Dar were selected. As a result of breeding work the new grapes varieties for conditions of the Pre-Urals steppe - Aleshenkin Dar, Pamyat Dombkovskoy, Podarok Shatilova (15-03-1) are received. The research conducted by us have shown that grapes of Orenburg ESH&V breeding have a high adaptation ability to conditions of vegetation and resistance to temperature stresses and deficit of moisture.

Annotation

The article presents the results of study of ecological-physiological aspects of the influence of biological preparations on the growth and development of competitive plant production under the controlled conditions of hothouse with heating. The objects of research: the apple varieties of Grushovka Moskovskaya, Mechtatel'nitsa, Brusnichnoye, Bely Naliv on the rootstock of Ural 56. To carry out of the experiment we use the bio-organic preparations of "Mival-agro" and "Samorodovo". Preparations of new generation make active the processes of plant live ability, increase in productivity, improve the quality of agricultural production, strengthen the protective properties of plants, increase in stability to adverse conditions of cultivation - to sharp differences of temperatures, frosts, late frosts, to a heat and a drought, or opposite, to waterlogged soil and the insufficient sum of active temperatures. The results of the carried out research have shown, that processing by solutions of Mival-agro and Samorodovo renders the essential influence on formation and development of root system. They assist an increase in quantity of additional roots, their lengths and thickness. It is established that processing by studied preparations is effective, in all versions of experience the highest parameters of formation and development of root system on all researched varieties are received. The quality of apple planting material depends on the length of shoots. The treatment of plants by preparations significantly affected the growth and development of aboveground organs of seedlings. A significant difference of plants traits relative to the control is observed in the processing using solution of bio-fertilizers "Samorodovo". We came to the conclusion that the use of new generation preparations of Mival-agro and Samorodovo has a positive influence on the processes of formation and development of the root system, they help to activate the growth process of seedlings of the studied apple varieties grown under the controlled conditions, and it promotes the positive influence on the development and quality of seedlings.

Annotation

The article presents the results of the research of the physiological effect of stimulant influence on the morphometric parameters of the introduced promising ornamental types under the Southern Ural condi-tions. The research have shown the expediency of using of Zircon and Ribav-Extra preparations as rooting stimulants of green cuttings of studied ornamental species. After treatment of green cuttings before planting the output of standard sapling of Berberis thunbergii 'Atropurpurea' was within 73,9-78,9 %, the output of Cotoneaster lucidus sapling was 65,8-76,0%. The highest percentage of cuttings with an extensive root system was observed with Zircon using. Output of standard Rosa rugosa sapling is 96,5%, the output of Potentilla alba � 88,4% and Aronia melanocarpa sapling output is 72,5%. The research of seasonal development of uterine plants allow you to determine the periods of the most intense metabolic activity and the enzymes activation, as well as the optimal term of green cutting under the conditions of Southern Ural (on the of the Orenburg Region). Based on degree of rooting capability 2 groups of species were identified: easy rooting group (Rosa rugosa, Potentilla alba, Ber-beris thunbergii 'Atropurpurea' � root formation occurs at the same time, accompanied by the active energy of the buds awakening and shoots growing) and a group having an average degree of rooting (Aronia melanocarpa , Cotoneaster lucidus � root formation has a longer period, shoot growth is less active than that in the first group). Based on the study of stimulants effect on morphological indicators of introduced promising species of ornamental plants it was proved that the stimulants of Zircon and Ribav-Extra have had a positive effect on the rooting, growth, development and quality of sapling of ornamental species.