Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Evaluation of the potential of new apple varieties and forms in the conditions of North Ossetia Alania is based on the study of the main elements of the productivity system: rapidity, the rate of increase in yield, the regularity of fruiting, and yield. The article gives an assessment of the production potential of promising apple varieties of domestic and foreign breeding in the conditions of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The studies were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of selection and sorting of fruit crops. We studied the early maturity, the regularity of fruiting, the yield of trees of different varieties of apple. High-speed varieties of regional selection � Fairy, Dawn, Talisman, Carmen, Gold Stream and foreign selection � Liberty with very early maturity � were allocated for the second year after planting annual garden plants on the MM-106 stock. It was noted that the the sign of the early fruit of the apple cultivar, with the exception of the Fairy variety, is immune to scab. The most productive varieties and forms of apple trees are distinguished in 2017: regional selection � Prikubanskoe, In memory of esaulu, Union, Rodnichok, Carmen, Talisman, Lubava, Lubimoe Dutova, 12 / 2-20-35; foreign selection � Gala Galaxy, Sunrise, Ligol, Pinova, Red Chif. The stable flatratio for the years of research (2014-2017) was noted in the apple-tree sorts: Red Amber, Soyuz, Prima, Gala Galaxy, Florina, Pinova and elite form 12/2-20-35. The study of the production potential of promising apple varieties of various maturation periods in the conditions of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania made it possible to identify the most valuable varieties from among the studied for use in breeding research and production.

Annotation

Greening of plant's protection system is possible only with transition to the methods alternative to chemical methods. The refusal from insecticides and the use of other methods of decrease in number of population of harmful insects is the most real way of decrease in a pesticides capacity in the intensive gardening. This article shows the results of experiments to determine the efficiency of the method of disorientation with the help of "Shin Etsu" in comparison with the traditional system of apple-tree's protection with insecticides. The experience was carried out in the foothill area of North Ossetia-Alania Republic in the HPC "De-Gusto" with scab immune apple cultivar of liberty. In the process of research it has been estimated that during the harvesting period the efficiency of both variants of experience was 100%: neither in the crown of the trees nor in the fallen fruits the damaged fruits by Codling moth was not detected. A big part of fruits of second grade in the harvest was caused by heavy shedding of fruits in connection with weather heat and yield overload. The average yield in case of use of "Shin Etsu" amounted to 17.3 kg/tree of first grade fruits and 3.2 kg/tree second grade fruits; in the option of insecticides use � respectively, 17.7 kg/tree. The obtained results indicate that "Shin Etsu" is an alternative equivalent to insecticides applied against Codling moth, that carrying the main toxic load in the integrated system of plants protection. If in the garden agrocenosis there are not aphids, mites and other species of protogoras and scoop, in this case it is possible to cultivate any varieties without insecticides. When these types of harmful entomofauna are presented one or two specific treatments may be required against them. However, even in this case the environmentally friendly insecticidal protection of fruits orchards significantly increase.

Annotation

It is given the integrated assessment under the conditions of Northern Ossetia-Alania of the main agric and biological characteristics and economic efficiency of new apple-tree varieties, immune and steady against a scab, the most from which are created in NCRRIH&V together with State Scientific Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Horticultural Breeding. The research were carried out according to the standard programs and techniques of breeding and variety's studing. The most fast maturing apple-tree varieties of Feya and Talisman which started the fructification for 1-2 year after landing are selected. The high productivity is noted for Carmen, Rassvet, Talisman, Vasilisa and Granatovoe (31,0-38,5 t/hectare). The high yield of standard fruits (to 80-85%) is noted for Feya, Carmen, Orpheus and Granatovoe. The indicators of economic efficiency of cultivation of new varieties are calculated. The most perspective apple varieties for industrial cultivation are selected: Rassvet, Carmen, Granatovoe. High level of economic efficiency of cultivation of these varieties are caused by an optimal combination of immunity to a scab with a complex of the main economic signs: fast and high productivity, fructification regularity, high quality and standardization of fruits. The highest growth of profitability is noted in a group of autumn apple-tree varieties - to 16,6% (Carmen), and in a group of winter varieties - to 24,8% (Granatovoe). In a group of early summer varieties the Rassvet variety on profitability level corresponds to a control variety of Geneva Erli, wich is the one of the best variety of this maturing term. The use for optimization of industrial assortment in the Northern Ossetia-Alania of new apple-tree varieties, immune and steady against a scab, will allow us to increase in economic efficiency of gardening branch and to improve an ecological situation in the region due to decrease in number of processings by means of plantings chemical protection.

Annotation

According to the complex of valuable biological characteristics it is evaluated the promising apple varieties of regional and foreign selection with MM 106 rootstock under the conditions of North Ossetia-Alania. The studies were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted and developed by the employees of the selection center of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW programs and methods of breeding and variety study. Objects of research is genotypes of apple-trees of different ploidy and genetic origin. In total, there were 31 cultivars and 1 elite apple form in the study. According to the results of long-term data of ecological variety testing, the varieties with early, middle, late and very late dates of the beginning of the growing season are identified. The apple varieties of Zolotaya Korona, Zolotoy Potok, Interprise, Lyubimoe Dutovoy, Pink Lady, Prikubanskoe, Red Chif, Champion Reno, Florina, Fuji and elite 12/2-20-35 with late flowering and mixed fruiting are selected. It was established that the varieties of Pinova, Carmen, Liberty and elite 12/2-20-35 have annual abundant flowering (4,8-5,0 points) and a higher average yield among the studied varieties � up to 38,40-52, 63 t/ha under the condition of North Ossetia-Alania. According to the results of many years research, the apple genotypes promising for breeding and production were identified, there are Lyubimoe Dutovoy and the elite form 12/2-20-35 with a complex of valuable biological characteristics � annual plentiful flowering, late flowering, mixed fruiting and high productivity. Ecological variety study of apple genotypes of various genetic origin under the conditions of North OssetiaAlania made it possible to select and recommend the most valuable varieties for use in breeding and production.

Annotation

The article assesses the apple varieties of domestic and foreign breeding in the Northern Ossetia-Alania using the one of the most important signs of fruit quality � large fruiting. The studies were carried out according to the programs and methods generally accepted and developed by the staff of the center for selection of FSBSI NCFSCHVW. The objects of research are apple genotypes of different ploidy and genetic origin. In total, there were 25 apple varieties in the study, of which 13 are domestic and 12 are foreign breeding. According to the results of long-term studies, the most large-fruited varieties and elite forms of apple-tree were selected in the Southern region of Russia: the summer variety of Soyus, autumn � Vasilisa, Carmen, Lyubava, Talisman, early winter � Ligol, winter and late winter � Lyubimoe Dutovoy, Zolotaya Krona, 12/2-20-35, Prikubanskoe. Among the varieties selected by valuable sign of large-fruited, there are all apple varieties of regional breeding, excepting the Ligol variety. The most large-fruited among summer varieties � Soyus variety (330 g); among all the studied varieties � Talisman, the average and maximum fruit weight of which is 523.6 g and 534.0 g, respectively. The most of the cultivated varieties and elite forms of apple-tree selected for large-fruited sign were obtained as a result of the joint breeding of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW and the FSBSI All-RRIHB and they are immune to scab: Soyuz, Vasilisa, Carmen, Lyubava, Talisman and 12/2-20-35. The study of apple varieties and elite forms of different genetic origin and ploidy and different ripening terms in the conditions of Northern Ossetia-Alania allowed us to identify the most valuable of them for use in breeding and produc-tion.