Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Syringa is a genus of about 27 wild species of flowering woody plants of the Oleaceae family. Syringa vulgaris L. is known with a wide variety of decorative varieties and hybrids suitable for use in urban and rural landscapes. In the botanical gardens and nurseries, the lilac is propagated with green cuttings or grafts, but all of its varieties do not reproduce well by these ways. There are difficulties in propagating the most decorative varieties. The production of a large number of varietal plants is limited by the season, the process of grafting, cutting and getting shoots is labor-intensive, and requires the presence of uterine plantations. Therefore, there is a need for development ways to propagate lilac that would be universal for all varieties and would create a cost-effective technology of fast reproduction of planting material. In vitro methods have opened up the new areas of research that can overcome the problems of traditional methods and ensure the rapid plants propagation on an industrial scale. Lilac plants obtained by microclonal propagation have several advantages over drafted ones. They are more lasting, decorative, quickly develop and bloom, and form the ideal habitus of the bush. In vitro plants have the juvenility signs, which allow them to be successfully propagated by other vegetative methods, especially by green cuttings. Objects of research are lilac varieties: Geisenkalis, Primrose, Marie Frances, Krasavitsa Moskva, Sensatsiya. The article presents the results of influence of the selection date (04/22/19 and 05/15/19) the contamination nation and the survival rate of five lilac varieties explants. The analysis have been shown that the contamination of the microshoots selected on April 22, 2019 was significantly less than that for the microshoots selected on May 15, 2019 and amounted to 37.4 and 67,2 %, respectively. The survival rate of explants was 57,7 % and 19,2 %.

Annotation

The studies were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted and developed in the FSBSI NCFSCHVW programs and methods of breeding and variety study. The objects of research are apple varieties and forms (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. The aim of the study is to identify the most valuable genotypes of the genus Malus of various origins and ploidy for the accelerated creation of domestic adaptive varieties. Analysis of the dynamics of the average yield capacity for the apple crop as a whole made it possible to establish that in the years of the strongest effect of the complex of abiostressors on the apple plant, a significant decrease in crop yield was noted. According to the data of long-term studies (2010-2020), a significant decrease in yield in general for the apple crop in 2017 and 2020 was noted (11.69 and 12.48 t/ha), which is caused by the complex influence of early frosts (in December 2016 down to -17.0 ��) and freezings (in April 2020 up to �2.7 ��) and further negative influence as biostressors (the development of epiphytoties of scab, powdery mildew and other fungal pathogens during the growing season), and abiotic stress factors of summer the autumn period - combination of abnormally high temperature stresses, instability of the moisture regime, uneven moisture supply to the plant and often a serious and long-term deficit in precipitation. According to the obtained data, varieties with specific and complex interspecific parental forms, varieties of folk and local breeding, as well as new varieties of regional breeding obtained on their basis, showed a number of protective and adaptive reactions to the complex effects of abioand biotic stressors. The most promising varieties with increased adaptability to the complex of abiostressors of the region, resistant and immune to scab, have been identified: Vesta, Jin, Istok, Exotica, 12/1-21-46, Orfey, Lyubimoye Dutovoy; with increased productivity potential: Jin, Istok, Exotic, 12/1-21-46; large-fruited: 12/1-21-79, Jin, Istok, Exotic, 12/1-21-24

Annotation

The studies were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted and developed at the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution NCFSCHVW programs and methods of breeding and varietal study. The objects of research are apple varieties and forms (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. The purpose of the research is to allocate the most valuable by a set of features representatives of the genus Malus for further use in breeding on a base of the study of their biological features of the growth and fruiting in the conditions of the south of Russia. The study of the biological potential of the productivity of apple genotypes obtained from heteroploid crossings made it possible to conclude about the breeding value of both triploid varieties and forms and diploid. According to the results of multi-year studies, apple genotypes with high yields are allocated (34.92-36.92 t/ha), including triploids: Gin, 12/1-20-59 and diploid variety Granatovoe; all dedicated genotypes from the Idared x Balsgard 0247E family. Higher indicators of the specific productivity of the canopy volume (SPCV), reliably exceeding control, are marked in genotypes with different chromosomal set created with the participation of the triploid Balsgard 0247E. Diploids with high specific productivity of the canopy volume Granatovoe (19.49 kg/m³) and 12/1-20-4 (12.89 kg/m³) are allocated, also triploid variety Gin (13.07 kg/m³) is selected. At the level of control of the SPCV is in large-fruited, high-quality elite forms: 12/1-20-59 and 12/1-20-80. According to the results of multi-year studies, large-fruited elite forms are allocated: 12/1-20-59, 12/1-20-80 and immune to the scab variety Granatovoe, high-yielding, with attractive bright coloring fruits, with a high fruit tasting assessment (4.7-4.8 points), which are promising for inclusion in the future in breeding programs to combine increased productivity indicators, adaptability to the complex of abiotic and biotic stress factors of the cultivation region, high commercial indicators of the quality of fruits.

Annotation

The studies were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted and developed at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution NCFSCHVW programs and methods of breeding and variety study. The objects of research are apple varieties and forms (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. The work is continued on the conservation, replenishment and study of the genetic collection of the apple-tree, which currently numbers 436 varieties. Based on the results of many years of research, the origins of apple-tree resistance to spring frosts have been identified � the varieties of Erley Mac, Feya and elite form of 44-27-53rd. The apple varieties of the selection of the NCFSCHVW breeding have been identified � Feya, Soyuz, Orpheus, Margo, Sirius, Nocturne, Vasilisa, Carmen, Zolotoe Letnee, 44-27-53rd, 12 / 3-20-10, etc.; of foreign selection � Florina, Dayton, Earley Mac, Gala, Gala Shniga, which have a longer blossoming period as a protective and adaptive response to low-temperature stress in the spring period. It was revealed that an insignificant (up to 5 %) or low (up to 15-20 %) percentage of damage to generative organs by spring frosts was noted in many varieties and forms � Ketney, Spartak, Trans Lucens, Florking, Imperial Pavla, Nikita, X1-48-49, 12 / 2-21-43, etc., having a complex interspecific origin. According to the data of long-term research (2014-2020), the most productive varieties were identified: Honey Crisp (141.9 t / ha); Pyros (116.17 t / ha) and elite forms: 29-5-49 (171.9 t / ha), 29-4-110 (125.1 t / ha). Two high-quality, scab-resistant elite apple forms have been identified: Sirius (late summer ripening variety with spectacular, bright raspberry round-conical fruits of dessert taste (4.8 points), yield up to 30 t / ha) and 12 / 3-20-10 (restrained growth, with bright fruits of summer ripening, regular fruiting, yield up to 33 t / ha). These forms are promising for use in various breeding programs.

Annotation

The studies were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted and developed at the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution NCFSCHVW programs and methods of breeding and variety study. The objects of research are apple varieties and forms (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. According to the data of long-term studies (2015-2021) cytological analysis of 54 apple genotypes of various ploidy and genetic origin was found that diploids have the highest rates of pollen viability (X av. = 70 %; X max = 98 %; X min = 32 %), low indicators of pollen quality in triploids (X av. = 28 %; X max = 16 %; X min = 8 %), and tetraploid initial forms fall in between. According to the obtained pollen quality assessment data, the best indicators were found in apple varieties: Vasilisa, Zolotoe Letnee, Carmen, Piros, Rassvet, Talida, Talisman, Ariva, Liberty, Sirius, Orfey, Fuji, Topaz, Granatovoe, Fortuna, Prestig, Renet Simirenko, Eliza, Kameo, 29-5-49, 12 / 2-20-34 and others; krebs: Imperial Pavla, Ketney, Piotosh, Gertruda, John Downie and others (55-98 %). The most promising varieties have been identified (taking into account the timing and duration of the flowering period, the degree of pollen viability): Gertruda, John Downie, Ketney, Lubimoe Dutovoi, Zheltozelene, Nikita, Imperial Pavla, Victoria, Risling Krasnyy, Virginia, Feya, Floorking, etc. as pollinators for varieties most common in industrial horticulture, as well as valuable paternal forms when hybridizing in various breeding programs.