Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The work is based on the results of own research and analysis of information and literature data. It is found out that a predominant place among cultivated in Russia at present planting fruit crops takes apple (76 %). Among other crops the plum is leading � 60 % in its segment. Quality of cultivated material is different: from low level to world standards. The high level of competition with our own producers and imported plant material enhances the high quality of the produced seedlings. The article reflects the basic domestic nursery problems, their causes and possible solutions. This also applies to imported seedlings: assortment of imported varieties of fruit crops, varieties adaptability problems to our climate, demand for seedlings and fruits on the domestic market, phytosanitary status of seedlings. Solving of problems requires not only the active state support in the area of subsidies of planting production, adjustment of approaches to sapling import, trust to domestic nurserysts, but also a competent production control processes, including through the certification of propagation material. Domestic producers (garden farms) realized the need to establish the gardens by sapling of higher quality classes. But now they're not ready to acquire in the domestic nurseries the virus free planting material on its market value. To solve the identified problems in the NCFSCHVW the Breeding-Nurseryng Center for the production of planting material of fruit crops of higher quality classes was created on the base of Experimental industrial farming. Putting into operation of all facilities of Breeding-Nurseryng Center will allow to ensure by virus free saplings the Southern Russia horticulture.

Annotation

In this paper the results of work on studying and improvement of cultivation technology of landing material of plum and other stone fruit crops, free from bacterial crown gall are presented. The relevance of research is defined by great economic value of bacterial crown gall in the process of stone fruit crops cultivation. �rown gall is the bacterial root disease of fruit and berry plants which is appeared in the form of tumors formation on roots and at root neck. Now the active expansion of the decease area is observed. Crown gall causes the greatest damage in the nurseries and at cultivation of trees in the young garden. On the basis of these own research and the analysis of references the system of measures including several stages is developed: the choice and preparation of the plot with carrying out of the bacteriological analysis and agrochemical inspection of the plot's soil, the preparation and sanitation of landing material, the laying of mother plantation, for it�s the works maintenance, the laying of fields for reproduction, the quarantine. During vegetation it is necessary to carry out monthly expeditious monitoring of phytosanitary condition of uterine plants and annual diagnostics of plants and soils regarding settling of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The period of operation of uterine plantings, free from root cancer not more than 12 years. These methodical approaches are for industrial technologies of nurseries improvement from bacterial cancer of roots, and they establish the general rules to the choice and preparation of the plot for laying of nursery, the ways and methods of maintenance of soils in the nursery, according to requirements to the grown-up landing and uterine material. These rules are intended for specialists of the specialized enterprises, which are engaged in reproduction of landing material for stone fruit crops.

Annotation

The urgency of stud� is caused by the high economic value of Sharkey's virus (PPV), determined by the losses of productivity and quality of plum fruits. In receptive plum varieties also of other stone fruit crops the infection by Sharkey's virus leads to shedding of the fruits, and ulcers on the surface of fruits. Virus infection is manifested symptomatically in tolerant plants, but does not affect, to the expressed degree the anatomical-morphological and functional state of the infected organisms. The purpose of this work was the study of the plum tolerance to Sharkey's virus (PPV) and the revealing of regularities of the change in the receptivity of plum to this virus in the course of reproduction by the method of inoculation (budding). In the experiment there are three plum varieties: Stanley, Donetskaya and Kubanskaya Rannia. In the process of experiments the regeneration of buds from the infected symptomatic and infected asymptomatic mother trees is studied. Virus carrying of the plum plants is confirmed by OT-PCR testing. The results show that the buds from the symptomatic mother plum trees, virus carriers PPV, survive more badly than buds from the asymptomatic mother trees, also the virus PPV carriers. The level of survival in the version with the buds from the symptomatic trees on the average to 17% lower than those of the version with the asymptomatic trees, and to 27 % lower than in the control version with the virus-free trees. The reason for reduction in the survival of buds infected Sharkey's virus of plum on the virus-free rootstock is the property of Sharkey's virus to cause the corking of the undifferentiated plant tissues. During ripening of fruits, for instance, this property of plum Sharkey leads to premature shaping of the separating layer between the leafstalk and shoot, that in turn, causes the shedding of fruits (the month before the ripening).

Annotation

The study of the changes in the characteristics of plant tolerance in the process of vegetative reproduction is of considerable interest for fruit crops propagated by bud grafting and other types of grafting and other methods, due to the large economic significance of viral infections. There are many plum varieties manifested the tolerance to infection of plum shark (PPV) virus. These varieties practically do not lose the yield and quality of the fruit in case of PPV infection. It is believed that tolerance can be determined by changes in plant metabolism caused by the penetration and multiplication of viruses. The purpose of this study is to gain the new knowledge about the tolerance of domestic plum-tree to viral infections in order to reveal the regularities of change in susceptibility of plum plants to virus of PPV. This paper presents the results of studying the tolerance of the plum domestic varieties to Sharkey's virus on the criterion �the manifestation of symptomatology� in the leaves of sapling. The urgency of study is determined by the high economic value of Sharkey's virus (PPV) at the cultivation of stone fruit crops. The presence or the absence of the symptomatology of virus infection is the sign of different receptivity of the plum varieties to the infection. The symptoms of contamination in a course of infection are not manifested in the steady varieties, they are manifested in the less steady varieties. As a result of study of the external infection manifestation (simptoms) and diagnostics of virus carrying by the method of PCR-analysis it is found that the part of vegetative posterity of the same varieties � PPV virus carriers have been appeared the signs of infection by Sharkey's plum virus in the form of specific annular patch effect, but the part of the sapling did not appear the infection signs, that also is the peculiarity of different receptivity in the vegetative generation (saplings). This means that the tolerance, as a plant property, is able to change in a course of vegetative reproduction.