Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The work are presented the results of embryonic fruitfulness assessment in new table grape grafted hybrid forms of domestic breeding. The level of embryonic fruitfulness of different grape hybrid forms is varied, despite the identical conditions of growing environment. Taking into account the significant impact of the biological characteristics and environmental conditions of growing grapes on initiation of embryonic flowers and productivity of plantations following aim was set � to determine the common factors of embryonic flowers formation and to optimize the cut length of domestic breeding table hybrids of Akello, Kishmish Dubovskiy, Agat Dubovskiy, Dubovskiy Rozoviy, Pestriy grape shoots. The study of embryonic fruitfulness was carried out in the vineyards growing under agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar Region Central Zone. Selection of the studied shoots and assessment of the embryonic fruitfulness of hibernating buds were conducted during the period of deep physiological rest of plants by microscopy (Micromed MS1) in the laboratory of NCFSCHVW. The regularity of different laying and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences in the studied grape hybrid forms, as well as differentiated coefficients of fruitfulness and fruiting along the length of shoots and different adaptive potential of varieties under the conditions of increased solar insolation are established. The highest rates of fruiting and fruitfulness in the conditions of temperature stress have been in the hybrids of Agat Dubovskiy and Pestriy. The placement of productive zones along the length of the shoot was uneven. In case of uneven placement of productive zones, shoot pruning of the studied grape hybrid forms is recommended to be carried out differentially. For the grape form of Akello the length of the shoots pruning should be on 6 eyes, for Kishmish Dubovskiy � 9 eyes, for the hybrid forms of Pestriy, Agat Dubovskiy and Dubovskiy Rozoviy � 8 eyes.

Annotation

The results of assessment of embryonic fruitfulness at new table grape varieties of domestic breeding are presented. The level of embryonic fruitfulness of different varieties considerably differs, despite of identical conditions of growth environment. Considering the significant influence of biological features and also environment conditions on laying of embryonic inflorescences and yielding of plantings, the task is to establish the regularities of embryonic inflorescences formations and to optimize the cutting length of shoots for the table varieties of Akello, Hamlet, K.M. Dubovsky, Dubovsky Red. Studying of embryonic fruitfulness was carried out on the vineyards growing under agroecological conditions of continental climate of the Volgograd Region. Selection of shoots and the assessment of embryonic fruitfulness of the wintering buds were carried out in the period of deep physiological dormancy of plants by a microscope in NCFSCHVW laboratory. The regularity of making and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences of the studied grape varieties and also the differentiation indicators of coefficients of fructification and fruitfulness on length of shoots, as well as the adaptive potential of varieties under the stressful conditions of 2018 is determined. The highest rates of fructification and fruitfulness and also adaptive potential under the conditions of temperature and water stressor have had Akello and Hamlet grapes. Akello had the highest rates of fructification and fruitfulness, the highest embryonic productivity was observed in a zone of 6-7 wintering buds. For maintaining the maximum economic efficiency of grapes the optimum length of shoots pruning for Akello after stressful conditions of vegetation has to be 8 eyes. The Hamlet grapes had the highest rates of fructification and fruitfulness in a zone of 3 wintering buds. The pruning length of shoots has to be 4 buds. At variety K.M. Dubovsky and Dubovsky Red was observed a low adaptive potential under conditions of high-temperature and water stresses. To establish the optimum length of shoots pruning of these varieties the research will be continued.

Annotation

The reaction norm of grapes of introduced varieties convar pontica negr Rkatsiteli and Saperavi in terms of yield capacity parameters to the variability of weather conditions has been established. The stud-ies were carried out in the period from 1997 to 2011 in unstable conditions of a moder-ate continental climate of the Black Sea zone of the first viticulture subzone (BS1, Taman Peninsula) of the Krasnodar region on southern chernozems. By the years of research, the air temperature varied in a wide range: from 7.2 to 24.4 during budbreak, shoot and inflorescences growth; from 15.5 to 23.3 during flower-ing; from 19.2 to 28.7 during active growth of grape berries; from 16.6 to 25.6 during grape ripening; from 5.8 to 28.7 ºC during vegetation. In some years, the temperature went beyond the optimal values and reached a critical level. The absolute max-imum temperature during the period of active growth of grapes raised to +38 ºC. The studied varieties experienced stress three times during wintering with a de-crease in the minimum air temperature in 1997 and 2002 to 20 ºC, 2006 � -24 ºC. The reaction norm according to the yield capacity parameters of the Rkatsiteli grape variety is 77, Saperavi � 113 c/ha in unsta-ble weather conditions. The modification variability of the yield capacity of grapes of the Rkatsiteli and Saperavi varieties was most influenced by the air tempera-ture from the second decade of June to the end of August during the period of active growth of grape berries starting immedi-ately after flowering (r = -0.69, -0.22). The average and moderate dependence of yield capacity was also on the minimum temperature in June-October of the previ-ous year (r = -0.48, -0.51). This relation-ship is determined by favorable conditions for the initiation and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences for the next year's yield. The relationship of yield capacity with the total precipitation was noted during the period of active growth of grape berries (June-August). The effect of precipitation on the yield capacity at other times was insignificant.

Annotation

The article presents the results of the study of the embryonic fruitfulness of the Gurman Kraynova and Viktor varieties. The work was carried out in the Central agroecological zone of the Krasnodar region in 2020 and 2021. The average air temperature from May to September in 2020 was +22.0 ºC, in 2021 � +21.7 ºC. During the embryonic inflorescence formation, the average temperature in 2020 was +22.1 ºC, in 2021 � +20.2 ºC. The maximum air temperature during this period in 2020 was +35 ºC, in 2021 � +32 ºC. In 2020, 56.9 and 55.1 % of the buds of the Gurman Kraynova and Viktor varieties contained embryonic inflorescences, 10.3 % and 14.8 % of the buds had two or more inflorescences, 5.6 % and 2 % were dead, respectively. The coefficient of embryonic fruitfulness k1 in both varieties was the same, 0.63, the coefficient of fruitfulness k2 was 1.15 in the Viktor variety, 1.1 � in the Gurman Kraynova variety. In 2021, with a decrease in the average and maximum air temperature by 1.9 and 3 ºC relative to 2021, the proportion of fruitful buds in the Gurman Kraynova variety decreased to 51.6 %, with two or more inflorescences increased to 24.2 %. In the Viktor variety, the values of both indicators increased to 71.4 % and 33.3 %, respectively. The fruitfulness coefficient k1 in the Gurman Kraynova variety has hardly changed, in the Viktor variety it has grown to 0.95. The fruitfulness coefficients k2 were 1.24 and 1.33, respectively. The Gurman Kraynova variety has the most productive zone on the shoot from 5 to 10 buds, the Viktor variety � from 4 to 8. For the Gurman Kraynova variety, pruning of shoots for 10-11 buds is recommended for the harvest of 2022, for the Viktor variety � for 8-9 buds.

Annotation

This paper presents the results of agrobiological evaluation of new table hybrid forms of grapes under the stressful agroecological conditions of the Volgograd Region. The research was carried out using the modern field research methods under atypical weather conditions in 2019. As the object of research, the hybrid forms of table grapes were used: Agat Dubovsky, Akello, Arabella, Artek, Valencia, Hamlet, Ispolin, Kishmish Dubovsky, Courage, Timothy. These hybrids have high taste characteristics and organoleptic properties. They give a good harvest even in adverse years, and have the signs of resistance to biotic and abiotic factors for the unstable and stressful climate of the South of Russia. Under unstable weather conditions of 2019 in the Volgograd Region, these hybrid forms were distinguished by the main indicators of productivity: Agat Dubovsky, Courage and Valencia. These hybrids were selected by increased indicators of fruiting coefficients and fruitfulness coefficients, productivity index and yield capacity. The manifestation of high agrobiological characteristics of these hybrids in stressful weather and climate conditions was primarily facilitated by their high adaptive potential. For the same conditions of Vogograd Region, the hybrids with low indicators of fruiting and fruitfulness coefficients, productivity index, and yield were identified, among which the Akello and Hamlet were noted. Positive and negative agrobiological characteristics, as well as adaptive potential of the grape hybrid forms under study, should be considered as preliminary in relation to atypical agroecological conditions in 2019. For more knowledges and in-depth conclusions, the research will continue.