Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article considers the issue of the impact of the load of table grape bushes with shoots and bunches on plant productivity. The place of research is the fourth subzone of the Central Agroecological Zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar region, characterized by a moderate continental climate and low�humus, leached powerful chernozems as soils. As an object of research after exploratory studies in 2021, among different table grape varieties (Gurman Kraynova, Dubovskiy rozovyi, Kishmish Dubovskiy and Centennial Seedless), the Centennial Seedless variety was selected as promising for studying the load of bushes with shoots and bunches according to the parameters of the proportion of fruiting shoots (93 %), the bunch weight (0.73 kg) and the productivity of the shoot (0.73 kg per shoot). According to the indicator complex in the first year of research after the experimental field trial, the following variants of bush loading with shoots and bunches were distinguished: the control first variant (35 shoots and 27 bunches per bush after breaking-off shoots) by the proportion of dead buds (16.7 %) and fruiting shoots (72.5 %), the number of inflorescences (30 pcs.), the fruitfulness coefficient k1 (0.75), yield capacity (26.7 t/ha) and shoot productivity (0.59 kg per shoot); the fourth variant (23 shoots and 21 bunches) according to the fruitfulness coefficient k1 (0.81) and the productivity of the shoot (0.7 kg per shoot), the fifth variant (23 shoots and 15 bunches) according to the fruitfulness coefficient k2 (1.45), the bunch weight (0.91 kg), the loss from the bush (0.33 kg) and the productivity of the shoot (0.56 kg per shoot), the seventh variant (17 shoots and 15 bunches) according to the proportion of dead buds (16 %), fruitfulness coefficients k1 (0.81) and k2 (1.55); the ninth variant (13 shoots and 8 bunches) according to the proportion of fruiting shoots (61.5 %), fruitfulness coefficient k1 (0.77) and shoot productivity (0.55 kg per shoot).

Annotation

The most important technique of agricultural technology to increase the productivity and quality of grapes is pruning of bushes, the length of which depends on the most productive zone of shoots. To determine the zone of the greatest production of the shoot, the embryonic fruitfulness of the buds is estimated, depending on the biological characteristics of the grape varieties and agroecological factors of the location, both natural (weather and climatic, soil and spatial conditions) and anthropogenic (management system, pruning, fertilizer use, etc.). In 2018, we studied the special aspects of inflorescences formation and differentiation of new table grapes hybrid forms of E.S. Gusev breeding (Volgograd) under the arid and hot conditions of the Volgograd. Territory in this work research results are presented of the embryonic fruitfulness of the new table grapes hybrid forms of Ispolin, Courage, Hamlet, Valencia, Artek, Timothy in the Krasnodar Region. The study of embryonic fruitfulness was carried out in the vineyards growing in the agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar Region Central Zone, subzone � 4. Selection of the studied shoots and assessment of the embryonic fruitfulness of buds under winter were carried out during the period of deep physiological rest of plants by microscopy (Micromed MS1) in the laboratory of NCFSCHVW. The regularity of different laying and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences in the studied grapes hybrid forms, as well as differentiated coefficients of fruitfulness and fruiting along the length of shoots are established. The highest rates of fruiting and fruitfulness were in the grape hybrids of Hamlet, Artek and Timothy under the conditions of temperature stress, the highest embryonic productivity was observed in the zone 6-8 wintering buds.

Annotation

The article presents the results of assessing the physiological state of new self-rooted hybrid forms of table grape Akello, Artek, Valencia and Courage growing in the Krasnodar Territory in the summer period. The cultivar Livia of Russian selection was selected as a control. Artificial drought was simulated in a laboratory conditionS. After stress effect, the following physiological parameters of grape leaves were analyzed � the degree of damage to cell membranes (based on the content of malondialdehyde, one of the products of lipid peroxidation of cell membranes), the relative water content, the quantum yield of the photochemical reaction of photosystem II, the content of chlorophyll a and the ratio of a/b chlorophylls. It was found that the most depressed month for the studied grape plants was July. This is evidenced by the averaged indicators of studied grape plants according to the analyzed parameters � low values of photosynthesis and relative water content in the leaves and increased level of malondialdehyde, which determines the intensity of the development of oxidative processes by the influence of negative factors. The greatest adaptive potential in this month was revealed in the Artek hybrid form, which had high value of photosynthesis and a low level of malondialdehyde content. In August, the hybrid forms of Artek and Courage were characterized by high values of the relative water content in the leaves and low value of malondialdehyde, and besides the level of chlorophyll a fluorescence (quantum yield) did not change compared to July. The hybrid Valencia form had the highest value of malondialdehyde and the lowest value of relative water content during the summer period, which makes it the least resistant form among the studied. The hybrid form of Artek was identified as the most resistant form to influence of summer stress factors in the territory of Krasnodar region. Further, this form can be recommend for the creation of stable ampelocenoses.

Annotation

Domestic varieties resistant to abiotic and biotic stressors with high profitability in production are needed to replace the introduced table grape varieties. The aim of this research was to study promising hybrid forms of grapes in grafted and own-rooted culture in the conditions of the Central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar region. The objects were hybrids of grapes Vitis L. Agat Dubovskiy, Akello, Ispolin, Kishmish Dubovskiy. The control variety was Livia. Rootstock � Berlandieri x Riparia SO4. The planting scheme of the bushes was 4.0 × 2.0 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon, drip irrigation. The climate is moderately continental, the average annual air temperature is +12.5 ...+13.0 ºC, the maximum reaches +40 ºC, the absolute minimum temperature is -28...-30 ºC. The sum of active air temperatures is equal to 3900 ...4100 ºC. The total precipitation is 700-800 mm. The studies were carried out using generally accepted field, laboratory and statistical methods. According to phenological observations, variety and hybrids were distinguished by three maturation periods according to the international classification � very early Livia (112 days) and Akello (114 days), medium Agat Dubovskiy (142 days) and Ispolin (145 days) and medium-late Kishmish Dubovskiy (148 days). The phenology of grafted and own-rooted plants differed slightly. Livia variety and hybrids required from 2467 ºC to 3243 ºC for vegetation. According to agrobiological indicators � the number of fruiting shoots, inflorescences, fruitfulness coefficients � grafted hybrid forms are more productive than the control variety and their own-rooted analogues, with the exception of Kishmish Dubovskiy, whose fruitfulness Coefficients are similar in the grafted and own-rooted culture and are close to the control values. The relative water content (RWC) of grafted and own-rooted plants is above 80 %, which means a normally hydrated leaf.

Annotation

This paper presents the results of agrobiological and uvological assessment of new grape varieties of breeding in Germany and Russia cultivated under the agro-ecological conditions of the Western Ciscaucasia. The studies were carried out using modern field research methods for viticulture in atypical weather c onditions in 2019. As an object of research, a grape variety of German origin Monarch and a domestic hybrid Gift of Dmitry, were used. These technical forms were selected for research as they are characterized by high biological indicators, and give a good harvest of grape berries even in adverse years for their cultivation. Also they have signs of resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors typical for the unstable and stressful climate of the Western Ciscaucasia. Under the unstable weather conditions of 2019, in the Black Sea zone, according to the main indicators of productivity, an agrobiological and uvological assessment of the introduced German Monarch variety and the domestic promising hybrid Dmitriy Podarok was carried out against the background of control of the domestic Saperavi Severny grape variety. The results of assessment carried out by us showed that the studied objects indicated high agrobiological indexes under stressful climatic conditions of Western Siscaucasia zone. For the same conditions, a uvological assessment of the bunches of the studied forms was carried out. The data obtained by us in the process of these research should be considered as preliminary data in relation to the atypical agroecological conditions of 2019. To get the deeper and well based conclusions, research in this field will be continued.