Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Vorobyova Tatyana
Articles in journal: (total 18)
The impact of toxic chemicals on the vineyards and adjacent areas is enhanced due to inclusion in the new preparations of previously used active substances, characterized as highly toxic substances. Ecological and toxicological danger for the ecosystem of ampelocenoses is represented by preparations of long storage, primarily in the soil of the vineyards these preparation used. Their aggressiveness to microbes and bacterias speeds up the processes of soil degradation, and their partial migration in the ecosystem "soil-plant-grapes" pollutes the products with toxic chemicals. Organ-ic fungicides of the systemic action of the triazole group (falcon, wagon, colossal, spike) are combined by the presence in their composition of the tebuconazole active substance, distinguished by the duration and stabil-ity of preservation in the ecosystem of ampelocenoses. The purpose of this work is to study the interconnec-tion of the technogenic fungicides load containing tebuconnazole, and the ecological-toxicological state of ampelocenoses. The determination of the toxic residues was carried out according to generally accepted methods using chromatographs: gas "Color 500M", liquid "KNAUER" and atomic absorption spectrophotometer "Kvant-AFA". The research was carried out in the main agroecological viticulture zone of Temryuk district of the Krasnodar Territory (Agrofirm "Yuzhnaya") in two vineyard plots with an area of 5 hectares, under the same agrical and technological conditions. Option 1 annual industrial treatment with fungicides containing tebuconazole; Option 2 in the last year of study the fungicides studied were not used: they were changed by system fungicides of another group and this change allow us to determine the contamination of grapes with tebuconazole, migrating from the soil. As a result of the research, it was established, that the persistent and cumulative properties of tebuconazole, accumulated by soil, in 5 times higher than the permissible standards. The contamination of grapes with toxic residues of tebuconazole has been revealed.
The possibility of determination by the methods of high effective liquid and gas chromatography of fungicides residues in the ampelocenosis ecosystem is shown. Presented methods can determine with high sensitivity the fungicides and their metabolites that more toxic than original drug.
The most effective means of vineyards protection for fungal diseases are the treatment of plants with systemic fungicides. Long-term use of fungicides leads to their accumulation in the ecosystem of vineyards, where they can persist for a long time in the soil in its original form and partially migrate to plants and grapes. Preserving in the soil, the preparations reduce the functioning of beneficial soil microflora, worsen the properties and structure of the soil, intensifying the process of soil degradation. Soil toxic residues, accumulating in the grapes, do not ensure its food safety. The greatest efficiency, but also and environmental hazard, is represented by third- generation fungicides, consisting the previously used active ingredients Falcon, CE (spiroxamine + tebuconazole + triadimenol), Universal SP (tebuconazole), Kolosal, CE (tebuconazole), Kolosal Pro, KME (propiconazole + tebuconazole), having a complex structure that ensures their synergism and cumulativeness. The purpose of the work is to establish the degradation of organic fungicides of complex structures in the ecosystem of ampelocenoses. The residues of the studied fungicides in the soil were determined by well-known methods using a Tsvet 500M gas chromatograph. Research took a place in the vineyards of the specialized economies of the Black Sea coast against the background of long of use of these fungicides. Option 1 of the experiment the lack of treatments with fungicides in the current season; Option 2 fungicide treatments were carried out during research season. It has been established that in soil the toxic residues are detected 10 months after the last treatment in amounts exceeding the MPC by 4,7 times (tebuconazole); 5,2 times (propiconazole); 9,5 times (triadimenol). Some of them, migrate from the soil and accumulate in the grapes, that do not ensure its food safety.
The expediency of application of new ecologizated agricultural practices of grapes cultivation with green fertilizers and effective microorganisms is established. Pos-itive results of their influence on purification of soil from toxic inclusions, productivity of vineyards and quality of grape on parameters of safety are shown
The purpose of this work is scientific confirmation of technogenic influence of pesticides as one of the main environmental problems of industrial wine growing. The analysis of long-term technogenic impact of pesticides on agrogrounds of industrial vineyards is carried out. The ability of pesticides to bio accumulation in the soil and their migration in "soil-plant-grapes" ecosystem is established. It is shown that the pollution monitoring of toxic elements in the "soil production" system is necessary for improvement of an ecological condition of grapes plantings. It is noted that the analysis of the obtained information will allow to develop the agrotechnical manipulations on decrease in technogenic impact of toxic chemicals on an ecosystem of ampelocenoses. The research were carried out in the vine growing zones of the South of Kuban (The Temryuk district) on industrial orchards of specialized farms. Objects of our research is the grapes varieties of table and technical direction. The toxic remains were defined in the soil and in the ripened grapes. The modern method of monitoring of vineyards developed and patented in the toxicological laboratory of NCRRIH&V was used in the research. The residual amounts of pesticides in the soil and grapes were determined by using of well-known techniques. According to the inspection on soil impurity by pesticides during 2006-2014 we have established the ecologically dangerous plots. There are vineyards with excess of maximum allowable concentration of the defined pesticides groups: on one plot are 20 hectares (3, 8%), and on two other plots 180 hectares (34, 3%), and on three plots 95 hectares (18 %). It is defined the coefficients of a translocation (Ktr) of pesticides from the soil in the grapes and the dependence of these coefficients from the level of the soil pollution by the toxic remains: the low extent of pollution up to 0,35; average extent up to 0,45; the high level of impurity up to 0,57. On the basis of the obtained data the method of ecological and toxicological monitoring of grapes orchards was developed and patented.