Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The results of the study of microbial communities of the arable layer of two types of zonal soils under the peach tree in the Southern Region are presented. The substantiation of relevance of carrying out system monitoring of microbiological diversity under the conditions of garden monoculture is made. The main purpose of the work is a comparative assessment of changes in microbiological indicators of brown forest slightly unsaturated soil and leached chernozem in anthropogenically transformed ecosystems. The experimental plots were located in the plantations of fruitbearing peach of high-yielding varieties zoned in the region in the humid subtropical climate of the Black sea coast and the Central zone of the Krasnodar territory. The microflora features of upper (arable) soil layer were analyzed. Based on the climatic feature of region the soil for research was selected in the winter period � in the first decade of December. For microbiological studies, the main groups of soil microorganisms � reducers of plant residues that form a microbial complex were selected . The main morphological groups (bacteria, actinobacteria, and micromycetes) of soil microorganisms were accounted for using traditional methods. The analysis of the number of microorganisms was carried out in relation to agrochemical indicators of soils and weather conditions during the sampling period. The structure of the microbocenosis was quantitatively dominated by the physiological group of saprophytic bacteria. On average, the number of actinobacteria and micromycetes was 1-2 orders of magnitude lower. The arable layer of leached black soil under the peach orchard was characterized by higher values of saprotrophic aerobic bacteria in comparison with brown soil. The content of producers of antibiotic substances � actinobacteria in leached chernozem was 2.4 times lower. The population of the upper layer of two types of soil containing the bulk of plant residues differed slightly. Some excess of the content of soil fungi in the borozem is probably due to higher soil acidity. The revealed features of the composition of the microbocenosis of two types of soils are the basis for continuing the biomonitoring, which allows using agricultural methods to develop the possible ways of rational use of microorganisms activity to increase in soil fertility.

Annotation

To optimize the conditions of a slowly growing culture, of considerable interest is the study of the effectiveness of introducing the various growth inhibitors (osmotics, etc.) and cations, in particular calcium, into nutrient media. In this regard, the goal was � to identify the effect of calcium and mannitol the physiological and biochemical parameters of large-leaved hydrangea in a slow-growing in vitro culture. The results of a study to optimize the cultivation of large-leaved hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla Ser.) in a slow-growing in vitro culture are presented. We studied the effect of various concentrations of calcium (440-660-880 mg/L) under osmotic stress, which was modeled by the introduction of mannitol at a concentration of 40 g/L in a nutrient medium. The morphometric parameters of the plants were estimated as the height of the microshoots, the number of leaves on the microshoot, the number of internodes, the number of roots, the length of the roots, the relative electrical conductivity of the leaves, and the content of free proline. The results of the studies showed the possibility of non-stop preservation in culture in vitro for 4-8 months of microshoots and microplants of large-leaved hydrangea. The experiments revealed the ability of plants studied to reduce the kinetics of growth and maintain viability at elevated concentrations of calcium in the nutrient medium (CaCl2 660 and 880 mg/L). It is shown that the addition of mannitol at a concentration of 40 g/L to the nutrient medium caused a strong osmotic stress in hydrangea regenerant plants (with prolonged cultivation), leading to inhibition of plant growth and development, decrease in cell membrane stability and accumulation of free proline. Under conditions of osmotic stress, an increase in the concentration of calcium in the nutrient medium contributed to a more intensive accumulation of free proline, which increased in the stability of microprobe.

Annotation

Conceptual basis of integrated management strategies of soil fertility parameters under monoculture gardens is based on data from agrochemical and biological monitoring, information comparative analysis and decision-making to prevent acceleration of the nutrient cycle, loss of humus, enhancement of the soil fatigue processes, biodiversity loss, etc. The article contains materials that characterize the levels of the major agrochemical indicators of two types of garden soil, the abundance of major groups of the saprotrophic microbial complex of the soil agricultural horizon, the results of a study of the colonies ammonification bacteria morphology, the dominance specific of different kinds of micromycetes genera, computations of variability in the abundance of morpho-physiological groups of soil microbial complex. The experimental material was obtained in field experiments of two agro-climatic zones of the Krasnodar region: subtropical and central. The object of the study was samples of agrogenically altered brown forest soils and structural-metamorphic agrozem (leached chernozem), which were different in terms of anthropogenic load: perennial and "young" soil deposit, the soil under the garden monoculture. According to the results of analyses, the soils of two agroclimatic zones with a range of pH values from faintly acidic to neutral were generally characterized by comparable values of the abundance of microorganisms groups. A lower content of prokaryotic microorganisms (bacteria and actinomycetes) in chernozem was found in comparison with brown forest soils. The study of the morphology of ammonifying bacteria colonies showed a difference in the species composition of the bacteriocenosis of the studied types of garden soils. The dominance of bacteria colonies of smaller forms in brown forest soils, and large forms in chernozem, with a wrinkled and folded surface, was revealed. It was found that representatives of the genus Mucor developed abundantly in the leached chernozem in areas with different anthropogenic loads (in the "young" soil deposit and the soil under the horticultural garden). In addition, fungi of the genus Rhizoctonia were dominated and, probably, it was caused due to soil fatigue, and it requires further study.

Annotation

To assess the endurance of plants to oxidative stress, a wide range of indicators characterized the functional state of plants is used. As one of the most informative indicators, along with other enzymes (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, etc.), catalase is considered. The aim of this work was to study the effect of root application of calcium and magnesium-containing substances on the activity of catalase in the leaves of a tea plant. In the humid subtropical zone of Russia on tea plantations under the conditions of a field experiment with fertilizers, the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase in young shoots and mature leaves of Kolhida tea was studied. The dynamics of the concentration of cell sap of young shoots and the catalase activity of tea plant leaves during different periods of vegetation, including those covering drought in combination with short-term hyperthermia due to day dynamics, is shown. It was found that an increase in the concentration of cell sap of young shoots under stressful conditions was accompanied by an increase in the activity of mature leaf catalase (r = 0.60) and inhibition of catalase activity in young shoots (r = -0.59). The effect of the root use of calcium in the form of a natural substance (100 kg / ha CaO) and magnesium in the form of MgSO4 (60 kg / ha Mg) on the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase in young shoots and mature tea leaves was studied. It is shown (in comparison with the control) an increase in the activity of catalase in mature leaves in certain periods against the background of the use of calcium-containing natural material. The use of magnesiumcontaining fertilizers reduced the resistance of plants to stress, which was recorded by a significant increase in the concentration of cell sap in young shoots and lower catalase activity in young and mature leaves.

Annotation

The paper presents the results of a study of the biofunctional state of agrogenically altered soils of two phytocenoses: naturally-like (cypress plantations) and agrocenosis (peach orchard). The relevance of the systemic biomonitoring of soils for various agricultural use is made. The main goal of the work was determined � to assess the state of brown forest soils of various phytocenoses according to a set of indicators in order to understand their informative value and the relationship between them. The experimental plots were located on brown forest soils in the humid subtropical climate of the Black Sea coast. The number of representatives of three morphological groups of saprotrophic microbocenosis was analyzed along the horizons of the soil profile. The soil for research was selected in the winter, to study the biological activity of soils, the spring period was chosen. The analysis of the number of microorganisms and indicators of the ecophysiological state was carried out in relation to the agrochemical parameters of soils and weather conditions. The physiological group of saprotrophic bacteria predominated in the structure of the microbial community, the number of actinomycetes and micromycetes was lower. The arable layer under the peach orchard was characterized by lower values of the number of micromycetes in comparison with the conventional background (cypress plantations). At the same time, the indicators reflecting the potential functional activity of microbial cenosis were higher in the soils of the peach agrocenosis in comparison with cypress plantations, which demonstrated the balance of the composition of the functionally active populations of this microbial community. In general, the studied complex of indicators of the biofunctional state of soils demonstrates their information content and interrelation, which allows us to consider them as indicators of the ecological state of soils for agricultural use.