Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

To optimize the conditions of a slowly growing culture, of considerable interest is the study of the effectiveness of introducing the various growth inhibitors (osmotics, etc.) and cations, in particular calcium, into nutrient media. In this regard, the goal was � to identify the effect of calcium and mannitol the physiological and biochemical parameters of large-leaved hydrangea in a slow-growing in vitro culture. The results of a study to optimize the cultivation of large-leaved hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla Ser.) in a slow-growing in vitro culture are presented. We studied the effect of various concentrations of calcium (440-660-880 mg/L) under osmotic stress, which was modeled by the introduction of mannitol at a concentration of 40 g/L in a nutrient medium. The morphometric parameters of the plants were estimated as the height of the microshoots, the number of leaves on the microshoot, the number of internodes, the number of roots, the length of the roots, the relative electrical conductivity of the leaves, and the content of free proline. The results of the studies showed the possibility of non-stop preservation in culture in vitro for 4-8 months of microshoots and microplants of large-leaved hydrangea. The experiments revealed the ability of plants studied to reduce the kinetics of growth and maintain viability at elevated concentrations of calcium in the nutrient medium (CaCl2 660 and 880 mg/L). It is shown that the addition of mannitol at a concentration of 40 g/L to the nutrient medium caused a strong osmotic stress in hydrangea regenerant plants (with prolonged cultivation), leading to inhibition of plant growth and development, decrease in cell membrane stability and accumulation of free proline. Under conditions of osmotic stress, an increase in the concentration of calcium in the nutrient medium contributed to a more intensive accumulation of free proline, which increased in the stability of microprobe.

Annotation

Modern research Japan quince, as the fruit crops, returned to him with interest and in ornamental horticulture. The main problem of negative attitudes towards Japan quince in the landscaping of the South of Russia connected with the use of planting material of seed origin, that is, not the varietal. This constrains its mass use in gardening. 20 varieties of Japan quince, as a blossoming shrub, were studied and evaluated. The most decorative are nine varieties: 2 varieties of Ch. speciosa � 'Umbilicata� �Kermesina�, 5 varieties of Ch. × superba � �Crimson and Gold�, �Ernst Finken�, �Grenade�, �Clementine�, 'Orange Trail', and 2 varieties of Chaenomeles × vilmoriniana � �Afterglow�, �Vedrariensis�. It is shown that the flowering period of chaenomeles under the conditions of damp subtropics of Russia lasts from late November to May. Based on phenological observations, early (�Clementine�), medium (�Kermesina�) and late-flowering (�Vedrariensis�) varieties were identified. Low - growing henomeles include 'Orange Trail', medium-sized � �Grenade�, tall � �Ernst Finken�. Recommended for use in gardening varieties have flower color of white (�Afterglow�), orange ('Orange Trail'), pink (�Umbilicata�), red (�Crimson and Gold�) and multicolored (�Vedrariensis�). The study of biological characteristics of Chaenomeles varieties has shown their different relationship to environmental factors, among which the main importance is relation to drought. In the humid subtropics of Russia, preference should be given to Chaenomeles speciosa, as well as its hybrids Selection of this beautiful-flowering shrub in order to obtain highly ornamental and resistant varieties in the South of Russia is an actual and promising direction of scientific research.

Annotation

Molecular and genetic methods of analysis of genetic polymorphism are highly promising for the evaluation of the diversity of natural populations of rare plant species, including Pancratium maritimum. The works in this direction allow to establish the state of species on the genetic level and to identify the processes of depletion of the gene pool, due to the reduction of the number of species observed in the last decade. The ISSR-markers (inter simple sequence repeat) are widely distributed in the scientific field. The direction of the present study is the selection of effective ISSR markers for genotyping samples Pancratium maritimum cultured in vitro. Pancratium maritimum is a species in a Red book. In the Russia it is only in the Krasnodar Region. Based on the goal of the work the selection of ISSR-markers was carried out to obtain reproducible PCR-fragments. The subsequent determination of the most polymorphic markers from the number selected was conducted further. In the course of the study ISSR-markers UBC818, UBC864, UBC813, UBC825, UBC880, UBC811, UBC827 were tested on 9 samples of Pancratium maritimum. UBC818 and UBC864 markers that showed the clear easily interpretable PCR products were selected. A high level of polymorphism was revealed for marker UBC818 on these samples of Pancratium maritimum. By this marker for used samples of Pancratium maritimum 3 unique fragments were revealed. Selected markers will be further used to estimate the genetic polymorphism of Pancratium maritimum growing on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, as well as to analyze the stability of the genotype in a long-term culture in vitro.

Annotation

At the present, the functional genomics (as a basis of economic valuable signs studying the regulation of genes expression) has been actively developed in plant breeding research. In recent years, it has been shown, that various RNAs, including microRNAs, play an important role in genes regulation by activating or inhibiting the expression of plant growth and development genes, genes to environmental response. Then, quite recently, it was shown that there are a new class of RNA molecules � circular RNA, with size from 100 up to 4000 nucleotids, which are formed from microRNA as a result of back-splicing. They have regulatory functions and interact with macroRNA, as well as with matixRNA, affecting the level of genes expression of growth, development, and response to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this mini-review, an analysis of recent data on the role of circular RNA in the plants is presented. It is also shown specificity their of formation depending on the type of plant tissue of intron, exon, exon-intron origin, the interaction between circular RNA, microRNA, and matrix RNA with indirect influence the genes work, as well as their role in regulating the response to abiotic and biotic stresses. The article has been presented data for searching of plant circular RNA, a bioinformative prediction method, a specific circular RNA for rice, arabidopsis, tea, tomato, cucumber, grapes, soy, peanuts, poncirus, as well as data of their regulatory role in response to stress factors of environment.

Annotation

Forsythia is one of the most spectacular early-spring flowering shrubs. The genus Forsythia contains 13 natural species and several hybrid ones Forsythia × intermedia Zabel, Forsythia × mandschurica Uyeki., and complex hybrid Forsythia × intermedia Zabel. × Forsythia ovata Nakai.. Three species F. × intermedia Zabel., F. ovata Nakai F. intermedia Zabel. × F. ovata Nakai. were recommended for ornamental gardening in the humid subtropical zone of Russia. Morphological and biological characteristics of 15 varieties of 4 species: F. × intermedia ('Densiflora', 'Golden Times', 'Lynwood', 'Maluch', 'Mikador', 'Primulina', 'Spectabilis', 'Spring Glory', 'Vitellina', 'Week-end'), F. koreana 'Kumson', F. ovata 'Tetragold', F. intermedia × ovata ('Beatrix Farrand', 'Goldzauber', 'Parkdekor') were studied on the basis of the botanical garden "Tree of friendship", "Subtropical Botanical garden of Kuban", arboretum parks "Southern cultures" and "Dendrarium". Early-flowering F. × intermedia 'Densiflora' and F. × intermedia 'Spectabilis' of medium flowering period are recommended as the main varieties for landscaping objects of the Sochi Black sea region. The cultivar with the latest flowering period is Forsythia intermedia × ovata 'Beatrix Farrand'. The distinctive light color shade is noted for F. × intermedia 'Maluch'. The tallest variety is F. × intermedia 'Lynwood', and the shortest variety is F. × intermedia 'Mikador'. As a result of study carried out we made a conclution that it is necessary to continue work on attracting and testing the world assortment of forsythia in the region, as well as to start regional breeding research to obtain the new varieties resistant to stress-factors of region.