Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The paper presents the results of experimental studies concerning the effect of different concentrations of sorbitol on the growth rate of the Agat Donskoy, Vostorg and Cabernet Sauvignon grape varieties at the stage of micro propagation in vitro. Agat Donskoy variety under the influence of sorbitol showed a decrease in the intensity of growth processes at the initial stage and an increase in further cultivation. During the entire period of cultivation, plants of Vostorg variety showed stimulation of growth processes at sorbitol`s concentrations of 5,0 g/l and 7,5 g/l and suppression of growth at concentrations of 10,0-30,0 g/l. All indicators of plant development in these variants were lower than the control ones. The possibility of long non-stop cultivation (up to 4 months) of Vostorg grapevine plants with the addition of sorbitol to the nutrient medium has been proved. Moreover, the plants were better preserved in a solid nutrient medium in the light, and the decrease in growth processes was more significant in a liquid nutrient medium. Cultivation in darkness inhibited the growth but there was also a large loss of plants. Studies were continued on the grapes plants of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety on a solid nutrient medium in the range of sorbitol concentrations 5,0-60,0 g/l. Intensity of growth processes in variants with sorbitol throughout the entire period of cultivation was slowed down. In addition to the inhibitory role of sorbitol at concentrations of 10,0; 20,0; 30,0 g/l the stimulation of grapevine growth processes at the minimum concentrations of the drug: 5,0 and, especially, 7,5 g/l was found out. The best safety of viable plants was noted in the variant of 7,5 g/l � 92,9 %. The possibility of non-stop storage of plants for 10 or more months was revealed.

Annotation

This article is devoted to the problem that is acute all over the world � the conservation of plant biodiversity. Classical methods no longer cope with this task. The application of achievements of biotechnology, in addition to traditional methods of ex situ and in situ conservation biodiversity, enables the sustainable management of genetic resources. Keeping the plants in a slow-growing collection is a successful and widely used method of plants maintenance in gene banks. Most researchers have noted that the way of plant reaction on techniques and methods of clonal micropropagation depends on a variety, so there are no unique algorithm f or creating a collection. A special approach is needed for every variety or a group of varieties. The paper presents research materials on the development of minutes for creating an in vitro slow growing collection for storing the Fioletovy Ranniy grapevine variety. The studies analyzed the effects of various components of nutrient medium on the rate of growth processes, as well as the place of explant extraction for further cultivation. All experiments were performed in the laboratory of biotechnology of the All-Russian Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after Ya.I. Potapenko according to the methods generally accepted in biotechnology. As a result of studies, the improvement of the survival rate of meristems, their growth characteristics, and shoot formation was proved due to complex use of apical meristems and preparation of Ribavirin, Melafen, and the antibiotic of Cefotaxime. The growth processes of plants was slowed down when sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol were applied to the nutrient medium. Clarification of the parameters of use of studied preparations allowed to increase in the duration of vine plants� storage up to 10-12 months without replanting, that contributes to the preservation of genetic purity and reduces the cost of future maintaining the collection.

Annotation

The article considers the question of fructose supplementation into the nutrient medium instead of sucrose. The positive effect of fructose on clonal micro-propagation of plants is known, but we have not faced any data on grapevine cultivation. During the study there was no death of plants from infection due to preliminary recovery of plants with the help of the antibiotic Cefotaxime. The maximum survival rate of micro-plants was observed at fructose concentrations of 5.0-20.0 g/l. At a concentration of 40.0 g/l, the survival rate decreased to 23.4 % compared to the control. A sharp decrease in rooting was noted when 60.0 g/l of fructose was introduced into the nutrient medium. Effect of fructose on rhizogenesis depends on the concentrationand can stimulate or inhibit this process. The length of the rhizogenic zone at fructose concentrations of 5,0 and 10,0 g/l was in 0,7-0,8 times less than in the control. The longest rhizogenic zone was observed at a concentration of 20.0 g/l. On the 210th day of cultivation, it exceeded the control variant by 1.2-1.6 times. At a concentration of 40.0 g /l, the length of the rhizogenic zone was at the control level and even slightly exceeded its parameters. A sharp decrease in rhizogenesis occurred when fructose was introduced into the nutrient medium in the amount of 60.0 g/l. The strongest inhibition of the shoot growth rate was observed at concentrations of 40.0-60.0 g/l. A slight decrease in the growth rate was observed at concentrations of 5.0-20.0 g/l. The best conservation of plants during 7 months of cultivation was revealed in the medium with sucrose (control) and in the variant with a minimum concentration of fructose � 5.0 g/l, 60.0 % of plants were preserved at fructose concentrations of 10.0 and 20.0 g/l. The safety of the variants with a fructose content of 40 %, especially 60.0 g/l, has sharply decreased, which indicates that such a quantity of carbohydrate in the nutrient medium is toxic to plants. A slowdown in growth processes that is necessary to create a collection of the gene pool of grapes in vitro was revealed.

Annotation

For creation of lasting and highly productive plantations with promising grape varieties and clones, transition to laying of industrial plantations with the certified planting stock is necessary. In ARRIN@W named after Ya.I. Potapenko since 1992 the works to perfect the method of grapes improvement and microreproduction are carring out. Most narrow point of technology of clonal microreproduction are stages of adaptation to unsterile conditions, growing of the revitalized plants and their planting to the open soil for laying of basic uterine grape plantations. Now laying of basic uterine plantings of grapes on sandy array of the Ust-Donetsky region of the Rostov Region proceeds. The sandy array for laying of basic uterine grape plantings is chosen for risk reduction connected with spreading of the malicious vermin � phylloxera. Researches and observations on basic uterine grape plantations have been made since 2004 under the conditions of Lower Kundryuchensky Department of the experimental ground now entering into CCU "The Don Ampelographic Collection of Ya.I. Potapenko". The plot is located in the territory of the Donetsk and Kundryuchensky sandy array which occupies the space about 15 thousand hectares between the Kundryuchya and Donts Rivers (near its mouth). The results of creation of basic uterine grape plantations of the rootstock and scion grape varieties revitalized in vitro culture are given. The problems which are often found on sandy soils and the ways of their decision are shown. The questions of planting of the revitalized grape plants under the conditions of greenhouses and the open soil are considered; the optimum terms and ways of their landing. The efficiency of different types of fertilizers is revealed. On the basis of generalizing of long-term data, the optimal solutions and technology of laying of basic uterine grape plantations from the revitalized in vitro of planting stock of grapes under the conditions of sandy array are developed and proposed. With the using of the developed ways and keeping the uterine plantations of grapes, survival of plants in the field conditions increased on average from 75 up to 95 %.