Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Biotechnological methods are used widely in the world for prolonged conservation of plants collections for further their use in the breeding and production of virus-free planting material and for conservation of gene pool and biodiversity of plants. One of the methodological approaches to the deposition of the plants is the maintenance of biological objects under the conditions of slow metabolism. It is known that in a nutrient medium, for the growth and preservation of plant material in vitro, the various organic substances having a high osmotic activity are added. The researchers note that increased concentration of sucrose (4-5%) in the nutrient medium inhibited the growth of cells without causing tox-ic effects, and therefore can be used to maintain cultures in a state of rest over a long period of time. The aim of our study was to identify the effect of sucrose concentrations the growth processes of grapes mericlones for prolonged storage of plants in the collection in vitro. When cultivated in vitro, we used the sucrose concentration from 10 to 90 g/l, and evaluated the reaction of different grapes varieties to higher concentrations. In our experiment we carried out the cultivation without replanting of 12 grapes varieties for 9 months at a sucrose concentration of 70 g/l while the plants were viable. It was proved that by reducing of sucrose content in the nutrient medium from 70,0 g/l to 60.0 g/l the duration of deposit of different grapes varieties elongated to 1 year. By carried out research we have been found the deceleration of growth processes and the possibility of elongation of cultivation without replanting to create a collection of grapes in vitro.

Annotation

The paper presents the results of experimental studies concerning the effect of different concentrations of sorbitol on the growth rate of the Agat Donskoy, Vostorg and Cabernet Sauvignon grape varieties at the stage of micro propagation in vitro. Agat Donskoy variety under the influence of sorbitol showed a decrease in the intensity of growth processes at the initial stage and an increase in further cultivation. During the entire period of cultivation, plants of Vostorg variety showed stimulation of growth processes at sorbitol`s concentrations of 5,0 g/l and 7,5 g/l and suppression of growth at concentrations of 10,0-30,0 g/l. All indicators of plant development in these variants were lower than the control ones. The possibility of long non-stop cultivation (up to 4 months) of Vostorg grapevine plants with the addition of sorbitol to the nutrient medium has been proved. Moreover, the plants were better preserved in a solid nutrient medium in the light, and the decrease in growth processes was more significant in a liquid nutrient medium. Cultivation in darkness inhibited the growth but there was also a large loss of plants. Studies were continued on the grapes plants of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety on a solid nutrient medium in the range of sorbitol concentrations 5,0-60,0 g/l. Intensity of growth processes in variants with sorbitol throughout the entire period of cultivation was slowed down. In addition to the inhibitory role of sorbitol at concentrations of 10,0; 20,0; 30,0 g/l the stimulation of grapevine growth processes at the minimum concentrations of the drug: 5,0 and, especially, 7,5 g/l was found out. The best safety of viable plants was noted in the variant of 7,5 g/l � 92,9 %. The possibility of non-stop storage of plants for 10 or more months was revealed.

Annotation

This article is devoted to the problem that is acute all over the world � the conservation of plant biodiversity. Classical methods no longer cope with this task. The application of achievements of biotechnology, in addition to traditional methods of ex situ and in situ conservation biodiversity, enables the sustainable management of genetic resources. Keeping the plants in a slow-growing collection is a successful and widely used method of plants maintenance in gene banks. Most researchers have noted that the way of plant reaction on techniques and methods of clonal micropropagation depends on a variety, so there are no unique algorithm f or creating a collection. A special approach is needed for every variety or a group of varieties. The paper presents research materials on the development of minutes for creating an in vitro slow growing collection for storing the Fioletovy Ranniy grapevine variety. The studies analyzed the effects of various components of nutrient medium on the rate of growth processes, as well as the place of explant extraction for further cultivation. All experiments were performed in the laboratory of biotechnology of the All-Russian Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after Ya.I. Potapenko according to the methods generally accepted in biotechnology. As a result of studies, the improvement of the survival rate of meristems, their growth characteristics, and shoot formation was proved due to complex use of apical meristems and preparation of Ribavirin, Melafen, and the antibiotic of Cefotaxime. The growth processes of plants was slowed down when sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol were applied to the nutrient medium. Clarification of the parameters of use of studied preparations allowed to increase in the duration of vine plants� storage up to 10-12 months without replanting, that contributes to the preservation of genetic purity and reduces the cost of future maintaining the collection.

Annotation

The article considers the question of fructose supplementation into the nutrient medium instead of sucrose. The positive effect of fructose on clonal micro-propagation of plants is known, but we have not faced any data on grapevine cultivation. During the study there was no death of plants from infection due to preliminary recovery of plants with the help of the antibiotic Cefotaxime. The maximum survival rate of micro-plants was observed at fructose concentrations of 5.0-20.0 g/l. At a concentration of 40.0 g/l, the survival rate decreased to 23.4 % compared to the control. A sharp decrease in rooting was noted when 60.0 g/l of fructose was introduced into the nutrient medium. Effect of fructose on rhizogenesis depends on the concentrationand can stimulate or inhibit this process. The length of the rhizogenic zone at fructose concentrations of 5,0 and 10,0 g/l was in 0,7-0,8 times less than in the control. The longest rhizogenic zone was observed at a concentration of 20.0 g/l. On the 210th day of cultivation, it exceeded the control variant by 1.2-1.6 times. At a concentration of 40.0 g /l, the length of the rhizogenic zone was at the control level and even slightly exceeded its parameters. A sharp decrease in rhizogenesis occurred when fructose was introduced into the nutrient medium in the amount of 60.0 g/l. The strongest inhibition of the shoot growth rate was observed at concentrations of 40.0-60.0 g/l. A slight decrease in the growth rate was observed at concentrations of 5.0-20.0 g/l. The best conservation of plants during 7 months of cultivation was revealed in the medium with sucrose (control) and in the variant with a minimum concentration of fructose � 5.0 g/l, 60.0 % of plants were preserved at fructose concentrations of 10.0 and 20.0 g/l. The safety of the variants with a fructose content of 40 %, especially 60.0 g/l, has sharply decreased, which indicates that such a quantity of carbohydrate in the nutrient medium is toxic to plants. A slowdown in growth processes that is necessary to create a collection of the gene pool of grapes in vitro was revealed.