Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the Krasnodar region over the past 20 years, during the summer vegetation period of fruit plants, the main abiotic stresses are increased air temperature exceeding the long-term climatic norm by up to 7 degrees, and prolonged droughts, the combination of which negatively affects the growth, development and yield capacity of fruit plants, especially in conditions of insufficient irrigation regime. The greatest manifestation of high-temperature stress is observed in two periods � in the first decade of July and the third decade of August. Considering that it is at this time that two most important stages of apple tree development take place simultaneously � the differentiation of fruit buds (July) and the ripening of the fruits of the current year's harvest (August), the resistance of fruit plants to high-temperature stresses is a necessary condition for the normal course of their production process. The effect of mycorrhization of apple young plants with a biopreparation based on symbiotic fungi of arbuscular mycorrhiza Glomus sp. on the drought-resistance of Prikubanskoe apple variety on the dwarf rootstock of SK 7 was studied. Mycorrhization of plants with a biopreparation based on symbiotic fungi Glomus sp. in most variants positively affected the resistance to high temperatures and drought of experimental apple trees. The best water-retaining ability of the leaves (for 2 and 4 hours of exposure) was shown by plants in the variant with root treatment at a dose of 1.0 g of a biological preparation. Mycorrhization of apple young plants can be recommended as a nature-like technology that increases the adaptive potential of apple plants by mobilizing the mechanisms of symbiotic interaction of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and the root system of plants.

Annotation

It was found that a deeper (36-40 cm) planting of seedlings with a high bud grafting compared to the standard (5-20 cm) influenced the change in growth processes in various graft-rootstock combinations. Also, these changes have a variety-specific character: in trees of the Prikubanskoe variety, the deepening caused an increase in the diameter of the stem, regardless of the strength of the growth of the rootstocks (SK 2U and SK 7); in the trees of the Kubanskoe bagryanoe variety, this correlation was noted in combinations with the rootstocks of SK 2U and SK 7. Trees grow better with a slight deepening (15-24 cm) on the rootstock of SK 4. The largest size of the stem of apple trees of the Prikubanskoe and Kubanskoe bagryanoe varieties on the dwarf rootstock of SK 7 was noted with the greatest planting depth of 36-40 cm in the experiment, which is quite understandable by the features of the architectonics of the fibrous root system of trees on the rootstocks of dwarf growth force. The basic mass of the fibrous roots of these trees are located in the soil layer up to 60 cm, and with increased heating of the upper soil layer, typical for the summer months of the last 10 years, the roots tend to the soil horizons with more favourable humidity and temperature conditions. Analysis of the total yield capacity over 6 years of fruiting showed that an increase in planting depth contributed to an increase in the yield capacity of trees of the graft-rootstock combinations Prikubanskoe/SK 2U and Prikbanskoe/ SK 7; Kubanskoe bagryanoe/SK 2U and Kubanskoe bagryanoe/SK 7. The best for yield capacity of the Kubanskoe bagryanoe/SK 4 combination is the deepening of seedlings when planting by 20-24 cm. The genotype of the variety largely determines the productivity of trees of graft-rootstock combinations with different degrees of root penetration during planting � trees of the Kubanskoe bagryanoe variety, regardless of the type of rootstock, reacted more strongly to deeper planting.

Annotation

Within the framework of the joint program of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW and the Stavropol experimental station of horticulture � Branch of Federal State Scientific Institution �North-Caucasian FNAC�, for the breeding of apple tree rootstocks, hybrids of apple-tree rootstocks of the ST series were assessed in terms of their adaptability to the conditions of the summer vegetation period in the central subzone of the Prikuban horticultural zone (Krasnodar city). The resistance of apple rootstocks to the stresses was determined by the water content and water-holding capacity of the leaves, which characterize the ability of plants to maintain water homeostasis during stress. In the nursery of offspring rootstocks, the drought resistance of apple tree rootstocks was determined by the laboratory-field method during the period of the greatest intensity of the water regime of plants. The zoned rootstock MM-106 was used as a control. The leaves of rootstocks CT 20-2 and CT 18-2 retained water better, in which the water loss for 2 hours of exposure was 28.3 and 30.3 % compared to 34.7 % for the control rootstock MM-106. The high water-holding capacity of the ST 20-2 rootstock was previously noted in the dry August 2020 � water loss in 4 hours was 31.5 % compared to 53.0 % for rootstock MM-106. The most productive were trees of the Prikubanskoye variety on rootstocks SK 2U, ST 20-4, 106-3, ST 13-3. The best specific productivity for five years of fruiting was in trees on rootstocks SK 2U, SK 5 and ST 13-3 hybrid (5.28; 4.74 and 4.22 kg/m2 ). Selected and recommended f or participation in breeding programs as a source of drought resistance rootstock ST 20-2 (MM-106 x M 9) and as a source of tree productivity in the garden, rootstock ST 13-3 (rootstock 58-250 x free pollination).