Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Storage of fruits and berries production and grapes
Research purpose was studying of susceptibility to suntan of fruits of apple varieties various on resistance to a disease when their separate and joint storage in UA, MA and RA with 1-MMP processing and without one, the identification of objective biochemical indicators of the forecast of suntan development. Objects of research are the apple - fruits of Martovskoe, Bogatyr, Zhigulevskoe and others. The considered varieties differ on susceptibility degree to suntan. Biochemical research are carried out in the laboratory of Institute department of the postharvest technologies. Studying of influence of joint and separate storage of fruits with various susceptibility to suntan on their resistance to a disease under the conditions of OA and RA was carried out also in the basic farms of Institute. The influence of joint storage in OA, MA, RA of fruits of various apple-tree varieties on suntan development is established. Under the conditions of limited external air exchange (MA, RA) the excess accumulation of volatile compounds, including α-farnezen, stimulates the development of fruits suntan. The susceptible varieties, which initiate a suntan both at themselves, and at fruits of other varieties at joint storage, differ in higher intensity of biosynthesis of low-volatile compounds including α-farnezen. It is noted that the perspective direction of further research is studying of influence of the content of volatile compounds (including α- farnezen) not only in the fruits, but also in the atmosphere of storage, on development of physiological diseases (including suntan) of apple fruits and development of methods for removal of volatile compounds until the safe concentrations.
The purpose of our research was the study of influence of plants processings by preparation of "Mival-Agro" and "Albit TPS" on quality indicators and natural loss of bunch mass of table grapes varieties in the dynamics of post harvest storage. The objects of research were the table grapes varieties of Moldova and Muscat Hamburgskiy. The features of development of grapes plants under the influence of the examined preparation were studied using the standard methods of viticulture research. Impact assessment of foliar fertilizing with "Albit" and "Mival-Agro" preparations on organoleptic characteristics of table grapes and the value of the natural losses of a bunch mass during storage period is given in this article. It has been established as a result of carried out research that the use of growth stimulators of "Albit TPS" and "Mival-Agro" significantly improves the quality of Moldova and Muscat Hamburgskiy grapes varieties. It was shown that the value of the natural losses of a bunch mass of processing table grapes by testing preparations decreases in the process of 90 days storage. At the final stage of storage (after 150 days) under the studied systems of grapes treatments the difference in the values of natural losses was significant only for Muscat Hamburg variety. It is noted that the use of this experimental system of treatments improved the organoleptic properties of both studied grapes varieties. Thus, under treatments with "Mival Agro" the organoleptic qualities of Moldova variety rose up to 8.7 points, Muscat Hamburg variety - up to 8.2 points. Under treatments with "Albit TPS" the organoleptic qualities of Moldova variety rose up to 8.4 points. In addition to the above it is shown that these indicators were preserved over the long-term grapes storage under using of studied preparation.
The aim of the research is to study the quality of fresh berries of table grapes for keeping their quality, depending on varietal characteristics and post-harvest treatments with SmartFresh. The article presents the results of storage of table grapes of Moldova, Podarok Zaporozh'yu, Nizina, grown in the Krasnodar Region. The grapes were treated after harvesting with a SmartFresh preparation in a closed chamber for 24 hours and stored under normal atmosphere conditions at a temperature of + 1-2 ºC and a relative humidity of 90-95 %. It is established that carrying out post-harvest treatments with SmartFresh makes it possible to better preserve the commercial qualities of grapes. It is shown that the Moldova and Nizina varieties have a high biological leaveness. In post-harvest grapes treatments with SmartFresh, the ripening of grapes went slower, and the dry matter content in berries was 18-28 % less than in the control bunches. The use of the SmartFresh inhibited the synthesis of ethylene: during storage a slight increase in ethylene in the processed variants was observed in 1,3-2,2 times, in a control much more in 5,5-11,6 times. The level of intensity of ethylene extrac-tion after three months of storage in the processed bunches of grapes is 2,5 times lower (variety of Nizina), 4,7 times (Podarok Zaporozh'yu) and 6,3 times (Moldova), than in a control. From the materials presented in the article, the conclusion follows that the use of post-harvest treatments of grapes with the SmartFresh preparation ensures a long-term preservation of its commercial qualities and the high biological value when stored under normal conditions.
The losses of crop production during storage depend on variety characteristics, the system of protection against vermins and diseases, terms and methods of harvesting, commodity processing and storage preparation methods and are associated with physiological, biochemical and microbiological processes occurring during storage. In connection with this, the current direction of research is the development, modification and improvement of methods for managing the biochemical and microbiological processes of long-term storage of crop production. Research has been carried out in the field of biological control of phytopathogens causative agents of carrot diseases using strains of Bacillus subtilis. It is shown that the most active in relation to the test set of pathogens characteristic for carrots in vitro experiments were strains of Bacillus subtilis IPM 215 and VKM B-2605D. The dynamics of populations of phytopathogens and antagonist strains in the sections of carrot roots was studied. It is revealed that the rate of growth of the Bacillus subtilis population in the first stage of storage exceeds the growth rate of the populations Alternaria radicina and Erwinia carotovora. After three days of storage, the growth dynamics of Bacillus subtilis decreases, which indicates the expediency of processing root crops with Bacillus subtilis preparations, which, due to more intensive growth, creates the competition in the struggle for nutrients during the first stage of storage. In addition, the products of the life of Bacillus subtilis are effective inhibitors of phytopathogens. As a result of carried out research it is established that the treatment of root crops of Bacillus subtilis influences the degree of development of diseases caused by Alternaria radicina and Erwinia carotovora that allows to consider the studied strains of Bacillus subtilis as promising for the biological control of diseases caused by phytopathogenic microorganisms during storage of root crops of carrots.
The results of the study of changes in normalized losses from the natural loss of fruit weight (NLW) during the storage of new scab immune columnar apple varie-ties of VNIISPK breeding at a temperature regime +2 ºC are presented in comparison with the Norms of natural loss of fresh potatoes, vegetables and fruits during long-term storage at bases and warehouses of different types for the second climatic group. Five varieties were studied. The variety Antonovka Obyknovennaya was taken as a control. The study revealed that the lowest losses from NLW were in the fruits of the Poezia variety 0,0299 % per day and 0,8960 % for 30 days of storage, while the total duration of storage was the least 102 days and the registration period of fruit weight loss was 88 days. The greatest losses were recorded in the fruits of the Zvezda Efira variety 0,0397 % per day and 1,1910 % for 30 days of storage, but the duration of their storage was the longest 144 days and 129 days of the registration period of fruit weight loss. Guided by the Norms of natural weight loss for apple fruit of winter varieties when they were stored for a long time in the rooms with artificial cooling in the Orel region (the second climatic group), it can be stated that NLW in immune columnar varieties goes beyond this norm. The average normative indicators for September-December are 2,0 %, while the indicators of the studied varieties were in the range from 2,6 to 5,0 %. It is prematurely to talk about the instability of the studied group of the varieties to NLW during storage taking into consideration the insufficiency of the studied indicators. It is necessary to continue the studies using other storage regimes. It is noted that with increasing periods of fruit storage increase in the losses from NLW.