Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Egorov Evgeni
Articles in journal: (total 20)
The article presents the results of the research work of the institution, obtained in 2022. Research is focused on solving the problems of accelerating the creation of new varieties of horticultural crops based on the mobilization of bioresource collections using molecular genetic methods and digital technologies; ensuring environmental and economic sustainability and optimal productivity of perennial agrocenoses, as well as the quality and safety of preserved plant agricultural raw materials based on biologization and digitalization of technological processes, etc. The analysis of the effectiveness of scientific and technical activities according to the criteria of research, publishing, publication, inventive activity, innovative, educational and financial and economic activities of a scientific institution. As a result of R&D, 106 completed developments of fundamental importance were obtained, which form the methodological and methodical basis for the creation of STP of the priority-applied level. Fundamentally new developments in applied research in the fields of knowledge relevant to the scientific institution were 67 developments that improve the quantitative and qualitative indicators of biocenotic and production processes in fruit and grape plantations, technological processes during storage and processing of agricultural products. The gene pool has been preserved 7060 samples of fruit, berry, nut crops and grapes, replenished with 48 varieties; clones were selected and 5 donors and 40 sources were allocated to create new varieties that combine high potential productivity, winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to the most harmful diseases and pests. One of the most important results of the research was 3 varieties of fruit crops: 2 apple Anita and Gaito Gazdanov, and one of sweet cherries Slavyanka. The State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use for 2022 in the North Caucasus (6) region includes Delicious Maria apple variety, Yasno solnyshko sweet cherry variety, Novogodnaya quince variety and 5 grape varieties: Varvarovskiy, Garmoniya, Zinta, Reksavi, Novokubanskiy. In the USAIS electronic accounting database, output products in the form of intellectual property objects for 91 completed developments are registered. Normative documentation was developed in the form of company standards, technological instructions and specifications for 31 completed developments.
The necessity of optimizing the parameters of technology and economic efficiency of production is substantiated. A methodological tools for the formation of a rational structure of fruit plantations is developed. The evaluation of efficacy of structural and parametric optimization of reproduction processes is given.
The industry reproductive tendencies are identified. The evaluative analysis of resourcing is conducted. The cumulative effect of factors on the level of resourcing is defined. The basic directions of resourcing increase are proposed.
The attention is focused on the aspects of increasing in the level of food self-sufficiency and the resulting by it the import substitution, the need for resource-technological development of viticulture and nursery in the Russian Federation is substantiated. A retrospective analysis is carried out, an assessment of the current state of the Russian wine and wine industry is made and the main trends in its development are identified. In order to develop nursery farming for the production of planting material in the proper volume and assortment, the need for the formation and systematic implementation of varietys and technological policies is substantiated, and due to the fact that macroeconomic processes distort the structure of production and accumulation the need for various and stable forms of State regulation and support. In order to achieve the goals of increasing in the production of certified grape seedlings in an amount that covers the needs for planting and renovation of plantations, the creation of breeding and nursery centers has been actualized to ensure the breeding process and the propagation of promising grape varieties in volumes that reduce an import dependence. The factors affecting the technological development of the vine and wine industry are identified. The role of science in the development of the vine and wine industry is determined. Based on many years analysis of the sectoral economics, climatic, agrocenotic changes and urgent scientific and practical problems, a number of scientific tasks are formulated, the solution of which is aimed at increasing in the efficiency and competitiveness of industrial production. The areas for the development of a sectoral economics, import substitution and concentration of scientific and technical potential and financial and material resources for achieving the target indicators in the development of the vine and wine industry are proposed, the implementation of which for the medium term is correlated with the fundamental positions of the Federal Law On Viticulture and Winemaking in the Russian Federation adopted this year.
The functional essential of intensification methods is refined, the main factors are identified. The criterias as signs of intensive technologies and parametric characterization of apple technological cultivation are presented. The necessity of correction of intensification directions is justified. The characterization of priority methods of biologization agroecosystems is given.