Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

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The influence of rootstock genotype on yield of varieties-rootstocks combinations of apple-tree in the conditions under effect different environmental stress factors is established

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Scientific-based use of clonal rootstocks of fruit crops is one of defining factors of increase in efficiency of horticulture and providing the competitiveness of domestic products. According to the Agreement for creative cooperation, in RUE �Institute of Fruit Growing� (Belarus) the apple rootstocks NC (North Caucasus) series of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making breeding are tested. According to the opinion of authors and other researchers, these rootstocks are characterized by a positive impact the adaptability and productivity of grafted varieties. The article presents the results of evaluation of economic and biological apple rootstocks properties of NCFSCHVW breeding in the maternal rootstocks plantings, in the fields of nursery formation and in the garden. On the most of the indicators the dwarf rootstocks of �� 3 and �� 4 is close to the standard � 62-396; the advantage of �� 4 rootstock is identified by productivity of the maternal bush (8.1 compared with 7.5 pieces/mat. bush). The condition of Imant apple trees for 10 years after planting in the garden was better on the rootstocks of �� 3 (3.7 points) and �� 4 (4.2 points) than on the control rootstock of 62-396 (3.0 points). Safety of trees on the 62-396 rootstock was 83.3 %, on the rootstocks of 54-118, �� 2, �� 4 � 100 %, on �� 3 rootstock �92.0 %. The assessment of the trees strength in the soil (anchorage) showed that 50 % of Imant trees on 62-396 dwarf rootstock have a slope of 1.0 points (weak slope of the tree), on the �� rootstock the share of trees with a slope of 1.0 points was less � up to 33 %. The income of the sale of fruits on the �� 4 rootstock was more than on the 62-396 rootstock (16 660 and 16 100 rubles/ha) due to better preservation of trees and higher marketability of fruits.

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The development of new nature-like agrobiotechnologies in nursery breeding, which increase the biological potential of plants based on the use of mechanisms of symbiotic interaction (AM-symbiosis) of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and fruit plants, contributes to improving the quality of planting material of fruit crops. The effect of mycorrhization of apple nursery plants with a biological preparation based on symbiotic fungi of arbuscular mycorrhiza Glomus sp. on the growth, early maturity and productivity of Prikubanskoe apple variety on the dwarf rootstock of SK 7 was studied. The regularities of changes in growth and production processes in apple trees laid with planting material with mycorrhization of rootstocks in the nursery are established. The balance of growth and production processes changed in favor of the latter: the diameter of the stem of 7-year-old trees with mycorrhiza was 11.8-17.6 % smaller, and the height of the trees was 5.5-7.2 % smaller compared to the control. The yield of treated trees for 4 years of fruiting was higher (28.4 kg/tree compared to 26.7 kg/tree in control). According to the complex of indicators, the best variant is application of a biological product at a dose of 2.0 g/plant. The use in industrial gardening of apple tree planting material with a mycorrhizal root system increases the level of realization of its production potential: the specific productivity of the experimental trees in the best variant was (calculated for 4 years) 1.79 kg/cm2 of the cross-sectional area of the stem in comparison with 1.31 kg/cm2 of the control variant. A new agricultural approach is the mycorrhization of apple tree planting material with a biological preparation of Glomus sp. arbuscular mycorrhiza. It is an innovative nature-like biologized element of the technology of growing apple nursery plants, has a prolonged effect and contributes to the early maturity and greater productivity of grafted trees.

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The increase in high-temperature stress in recent years during the summer growing season complicates the realization of the production potential of the apple tree. Therefore, it is very relevant to use scion-rootstock combinations based on rootstocks with high drought resistance in creation mother-cutting orchards of apple trees in the �Basic� category. In the conditions of Krasnodar, the summer months of 2018-2023 became hotter, which is confirmed by data on the excess of the average monthly temperature over long-term values. July was the hottest in 2018, 2020 and 2021. (38.0, 38.0 and 36.3 ºC, respectively). In August, the excess of the long-term norm was greatest in 2018, 2021 and 2023. The trend of increasing temperatures in the autumn months has led to a lengthening of the growing season and a decrease in the resistance of apple plants to unfavorable overwintering conditions, which can negatively affect the quality of cuttings. The purpose of the research was to identify the most adaptive apple tree rootstocks for use in mother-cutting plantings of the �Basic� category. We assessed the drought resistance of the most common introduced apple rootstocks M 9, MM-106 and the rootstock breed by FSBSI NCFSCHVW SK 2U under conditions of high-temperature stress during the summer growing season. Leaf water content in particularly hot years (2020, 2021, 2023) was predominantly higher in the M 9 and SK 2U rootstocks. The best water-holding capacity of leaves was observed in the rootstocks M 9 and SK 2U, the worst � in the rootstock MM-106. Preference should be given to the semi-dwarf rootstock SK 2U when designing mother-cutting apple tree plantings of the �Basic� category. SK 2u will be able to maintain the intensity of growth processes and ensure the production of cuttings of a standard size and the required quality in greater quantities under conditions of summer high-temperature stress than mother trees on a dwarf rootstock M 9 with a smaller crown volume than on SK 2U.

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Within the framework of the joint program of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW and the Stavropol experimental station of horticulture � Branch of Federal State Scientific Institution �North-Caucasian FNAC�, for the breeding of apple tree rootstocks, hybrids of apple-tree rootstocks of the ST series were assessed in terms of their adaptability to the conditions of the summer vegetation period in the central subzone of the Prikuban horticultural zone (Krasnodar city). The resistance of apple rootstocks to the stresses was determined by the water content and water-holding capacity of the leaves, which characterize the ability of plants to maintain water homeostasis during stress. In the nursery of offspring rootstocks, the drought resistance of apple tree rootstocks was determined by the laboratory-field method during the period of the greatest intensity of the water regime of plants. The zoned rootstock MM-106 was used as a control. The leaves of rootstocks CT 20-2 and CT 18-2 retained water better, in which the water loss for 2 hours of exposure was 28.3 and 30.3 % compared to 34.7 % for the control rootstock MM-106. The high water-holding capacity of the ST 20-2 rootstock was previously noted in the dry August 2020 � water loss in 4 hours was 31.5 % compared to 53.0 % for rootstock MM-106. The most productive were trees of the Prikubanskoye variety on rootstocks SK 2U, ST 20-4, 106-3, ST 13-3. The best specific productivity for five years of fruiting was in trees on rootstocks SK 2U, SK 5 and ST 13-3 hybrid (5.28; 4.74 and 4.22 kg/m2 ). Selected and recommended f or participation in breeding programs as a source of drought resistance rootstock ST 20-2 (MM-106 x M 9) and as a source of tree productivity in the garden, rootstock ST 13-3 (rootstock 58-250 x free pollination).