Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the Krasnodar region over the past 20 years, during the summer vegetation period of fruit plants, the main abiotic stresses are increased air temperature exceeding the long-term climatic norm by up to 7 degrees, and prolonged droughts, the combination of which negatively affects the growth, development and yield capacity of fruit plants, especially in conditions of insufficient irrigation regime. The greatest manifestation of high-temperature stress is observed in two periods � in the first decade of July and the third decade of August. Considering that it is at this time that two most important stages of apple tree development take place simultaneously � the differentiation of fruit buds (July) and the ripening of the fruits of the current year's harvest (August), the resistance of fruit plants to high-temperature stresses is a necessary condition for the normal course of their production process. The effect of mycorrhization of apple young plants with a biopreparation based on symbiotic fungi of arbuscular mycorrhiza Glomus sp. on the drought-resistance of Prikubanskoe apple variety on the dwarf rootstock of SK 7 was studied. Mycorrhization of plants with a biopreparation based on symbiotic fungi Glomus sp. in most variants positively affected the resistance to high temperatures and drought of experimental apple trees. The best water-retaining ability of the leaves (for 2 and 4 hours of exposure) was shown by plants in the variant with root treatment at a dose of 1.0 g of a biological preparation. Mycorrhization of apple young plants can be recommended as a nature-like technology that increases the adaptive potential of apple plants by mobilizing the mechanisms of symbiotic interaction of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and the root system of plants.

Annotation

It was found that a deeper (36-40 cm) planting of seedlings with a high bud grafting compared to the standard (5-20 cm) influenced the change in growth processes in various graft-rootstock combinations. Also, these changes have a variety-specific character: in trees of the Prikubanskoe variety, the deepening caused an increase in the diameter of the stem, regardless of the strength of the growth of the rootstocks (SK 2U and SK 7); in the trees of the Kubanskoe bagryanoe variety, this correlation was noted in combinations with the rootstocks of SK 2U and SK 7. Trees grow better with a slight deepening (15-24 cm) on the rootstock of SK 4. The largest size of the stem of apple trees of the Prikubanskoe and Kubanskoe bagryanoe varieties on the dwarf rootstock of SK 7 was noted with the greatest planting depth of 36-40 cm in the experiment, which is quite understandable by the features of the architectonics of the fibrous root system of trees on the rootstocks of dwarf growth force. The basic mass of the fibrous roots of these trees are located in the soil layer up to 60 cm, and with increased heating of the upper soil layer, typical for the summer months of the last 10 years, the roots tend to the soil horizons with more favourable humidity and temperature conditions. Analysis of the total yield capacity over 6 years of fruiting showed that an increase in planting depth contributed to an increase in the yield capacity of trees of the graft-rootstock combinations Prikubanskoe/SK 2U and Prikbanskoe/ SK 7; Kubanskoe bagryanoe/SK 2U and Kubanskoe bagryanoe/SK 7. The best for yield capacity of the Kubanskoe bagryanoe/SK 4 combination is the deepening of seedlings when planting by 20-24 cm. The genotype of the variety largely determines the productivity of trees of graft-rootstock combinations with different degrees of root penetration during planting � trees of the Kubanskoe bagryanoe variety, regardless of the type of rootstock, reacted more strongly to deeper planting.

Annotation

The improvement of the organization and planning of the field experiment with fertilizers is due to a significant expansion of the range of agrochemicals and insufficiently detailed reflecting of setting up experiments issues with the use of special fertilizers in the nursery that was set out in the �Program and methodology of varietal studies of fruit, berry and nut crops�. Moreover, a high level of intensification of the modern production technologies development is required to clarify the agrochemical aspects of laying stationary experiments and to increase the reliability of the experimental results obtained by using of high-quality planting material, new complex special fertilizers and biologically active substances. The author's novelty of the approaches to the formulation of experiments with fertilizer described in the article is due to the elements of the method tested for the first time when laying a stationary experiment in the second field of the nursery on apple seedlings of the Gala and Champion varieties. The stages of laying the experiment are defined by the site reconnaissance, soil and agrochemical survey with the use of generally accepted methods and GOST Standards, the principle of selecting accounting plants, and the development of a phytomonitoring program using modern mobile equipment. To identify the effectiveness of foliar fertilizing of plants in the nursery, the method of leaf analysis is proposed. The terms and quantity of selected plant samples are regulated. Analyses of plant material are carried out in accordance with generally accepted and original methods. It is recommended to store experimental data in an electronic journal for preliminary digital processing and statistical evaluation using the Microsoft Office Excel program. The form of the electronic journal depends on the volume information. For statistical evaluation of the results of the experiment with the number of repetitions no more than 4, the method of B.A. Dospekhov is recommended, which allows to use the data obtained in the experiment in a reasoned way, is recommended.

Annotation

As a result of studying sensitivity of an apple varieties to different origin of fungous disease in the conditions of Krasnodar region are allocated resistant and low-susceptible apple varieties which allows for the introduction to ensure non-polluting production, to reduce technogenic load by a garden biocenosis.