Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Yaroshenko Olesya
Articles in journal: (total 11)
The analysis of the chemical composition of the apple-tree fruits depending on the level of root nourishment in the intensive plant-ings, on the basis of the results of agrochemical research in the course of experiments with fertilizer of fruit crops is carried out. The equations of dependence between the content of mineral elements in the apple-tree fruit and the content of total forms of elements in the leaves in connection with the level of a root nourish-ment are received.
Improving the adequacy of forecasts in solving agro-technological problems is carried out through the use of information technology. The empirical information about the object of study is formed by creating the simulation models using computers. In the process of solving the agrotechnological problems, it allows us to analyze the complex systems under the conditions of high dimensionality and incomplete information of their structure. Structured simulation systems include the files with an analytical description of the object, the blocks of expert assessments, simulation and processing of a calculation experiment results (of field experiment). The model relevance increases with the use of the network version of the datas set organized according to certain rules. The assessment of agrochemical factors of garden soil fertility on the effectiveness of soil resources using by perennial fruit plants, the dynamics of mineral elements and metabolites in the leaves is based on the methodology for collecting and analyzing the information using a database obtained in field experiments with fertilizer over the past decade. We have implemented the task of forming the database structure in accordance with the program for studying the effectiveness of fertilizer in the orchard. For storage and analytical processing using the microsoft office excel program, the results of observations, laboratory studies of soil and plants, and also weather data are formalized. The conceptual model of the database is presented, which consists of five blocks: the history of the experiment, the archive of meteorological data, the data of biological indexes and observations, the data of chemical soil analyzes, and the chemical composition of indicating organs (leaves) and fruits. A database structured by this way allows you to optimize the mathematical processing of digital material, as well as quantify the effect of fertilizers the productivity and functional activity of fruit crops, exercise the mathematical modeling, the dispersion and correlation and regression analysis.
The results of the study of microbial communities of the arable layer of two types of zonal soils under the peach tree in the Southern Region are presented. The substantiation of relevance of carrying out system monitoring of microbiological diversity under the conditions of garden monoculture is made. The main purpose of the work is a comparative assessment of changes in microbiological indicators of brown forest slightly unsaturated soil and leached chernozem in anthropogenically transformed ecosystems. The experimental plots were located in the plantations of fruitbearing peach of high-yielding varieties zoned in the region in the humid subtropical climate of the Black sea coast and the Central zone of the Krasnodar territory. The microflora features of upper (arable) soil layer were analyzed. Based on the climatic feature of region the soil for research was selected in the winter period in the first decade of December. For microbiological studies, the main groups of soil microorganisms reducers of plant residues that form a microbial complex were selected . The main morphological groups (bacteria, actinobacteria, and micromycetes) of soil microorganisms were accounted for using traditional methods. The analysis of the number of microorganisms was carried out in relation to agrochemical indicators of soils and weather conditions during the sampling period. The structure of the microbocenosis was quantitatively dominated by the physiological group of saprophytic bacteria. On average, the number of actinobacteria and micromycetes was 1-2 orders of magnitude lower. The arable layer of leached black soil under the peach orchard was characterized by higher values of saprotrophic aerobic bacteria in comparison with brown soil. The content of producers of antibiotic substances actinobacteria in leached chernozem was 2.4 times lower. The population of the upper layer of two types of soil containing the bulk of plant residues differed slightly. Some excess of the content of soil fungi in the borozem is probably due to higher soil acidity. The revealed features of the composition of the microbocenosis of two types of soils are the basis for continuing the biomonitoring, which allows using agricultural methods to develop the possible ways of rational use of microorganisms activity to increase in soil fertility.
The systems of trees protection against harmful objects (from 14 to 18 processings during the season) are the obligatory element of intensive technologies of an apple-tree cultivation. Pesticides are used more intensively in the apple-tree gardens of winter maturing which fruits are intended for a long storage. The new knowledge of dynamics of accumulation macro- and microelements in the "soil-plant-fruits" system is necessary for development of ecologically safe agric-technological methods of fruit crops cultivation in the modern gardening. The research are carried out in an industrial apple-tree garden of intensive type on the chernozem leached from 2009 to 2011 at different systems of garden maintenance. For determination of minerals quantity, in-cluding heavy metals, in the soil and apple-tree plants, the methodical instructions for definition of heavy metals in the soil and crop production are used. In the soil of apple-tree garden cultivated using the intensive technologies the high content of mobile compounds of copper, exceeding threshold limit concentrations by 1,5-2 times and direct impact of pesticides on the content of mobile zinc in the soil, leaves and fruits of an apple-tree are found. The preservation of fertility of the chernozem leached and restriction of migration of copper mobile forms in a garden ecosystem under the conditions of the central subzone of gardening of Krasnodar Region requires the replenishment of soil by organic substance not less than 20 t/hectare and not rarely than once in three years. For prevention of surplus accumulation of copper and zinc in the "soil-plant-fruits" system when cultivation of an apple-tree using the intensive technologies it is necessary to reduce the frequency rate of processings by preparations containing copper and zinc and to replace them less dangerous ones.
The widespread and high harmfulness of mycoses of strawberry roots are established in the conditions of Krasnodar region. The tolerant varieties to complex of root pathogens are allocated. The effective ways of plants treating before planting are given for control of pathogens of strawberry root rot. The imbalance of ratio of nutrient elements in the leaves is established, that indicates about need of correction of fertilizer system of strawberry plantings, cultivated according to intensive technologies